Scientific
Terms
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- Line of Demarcation
- An imaginary longitude or north-south dividing line, by Pope Alenander VI in 1493 to divide new lands claimed by Portugal from those of Spain, after Christopher Columbus returned from his maiden voyage to the Americas. Hoping to keep peac, all lands to the west of the line would be Spain's and all lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
- Jizya
- A per capita tax imposed on non-Muslim adult males in states ruled by Islamic law in orderto freely worship.
- Capitalism
- An economic system based on privte ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit
- Mercantilism
- An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.
- Devshirme
- In the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking boys from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers
- Qing Dynasty
- China's last dynasty, which ruled from 1644 to 1912 and expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet.
- Timur the Lame
- Named due to an injury by an arrow in the leg, this conqueror from Samarkand burned what is now the city of Baghdad, crushing the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara in 1402, halting the expansion of the empire.
- Orrery
- A popular 18th century scientific toy made of pulleys and spheres that could be cranked to mimmick the way the heavenly bodies move around the sun.
- Christopher Columbus
- A Genoese sea captain who, in 1492, sailed across the Alantic in search of an alternate trade route to Asia, but instead, reached an island in the Caribbean, and is credited with bringing together the people of Europe, Africa and the Americas
- C.Linnaeus
- Swedish botanist who developed the first succesful system for classifying living things into similar groups, a system that is still in use today.
- Constantinople (1453 Conquest)
- Conquered by Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror) , considered the most dramatic feat in Ottoman history.
- Jamestown
- A Virginia colony settled by the English in 1607 following a decree from King James to found a colony in North America
- "God,glory,gold"
- Primary motives for exploration-desire to spread Christianity, find new sources for wealth, discover new lands and expand borders.
- Shah
- Hereditary monarch of Iran
- Pilgrims
- A band of English Puritans who founded the Plymouth colonyin 1620.
- Ming Dynasty
- A Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644, the dominant power in Asia. Vassal states from Korea to Southeast Asia paid regular tribute-Payment by one country to another to acknowledge its submission.
- Caravel
- Sturdier than earlier ships, triangular sails, adopted from Arabs helped vessel to effectively against the wind.
- Metacom
- Also known as King Philip, in 1675 the Native American ruler led an attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts, known as King Philip's War, one of the bloodiest conflicts between colonists and Native Americans
- Reason
- To think coherently and logically; to draw conclusions from the facts.
- Encomienda
- A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
- Shah Abbas
- Also known as Abbas the great, took the throne in 1587 and helped created the Safavid culture.
- Columbian Exchange
- The global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred during the European colonization of the Americas
- Manchus
- A people, native to Manchuria, who ruled China during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912), ruling for than 260 years and expanding China's border.
- Millets
- Seperate legal courts pertaining to personsal law under which minorities were allowed to rule themselves (in cases not involving any Muslim) with fairly little interference from the Ottoman government
- Vasco da Gama
- A Portuguese explorer credited with giving Portugal a direct sea route to India. The cargo (spices, silks, and precious gems) from the 27,000 mile trip was worth 60 times the cost of the voyage.
- Francois Voltaire
- 1694-1778. A foremost French writer and philosopher of the Age of Reason. He was a Deist, champion of rationality, and was very much against absolute monarchy.
- Francisco Pizarro
- Spanish conquistador, who in 1532 conquered the Incan Empire
- Prince Henry
- Called "the Navigator" for his role in promoting Portuguese explorations. Sought to spread Christianity in new lands by organizing and funding more than 14 voyages along the western coast Africa.
- Sultan
- "Overlord", or "one with power" , title for Ottoman rulers during the rise of the Ottoman Empire
- Treaty of Tordesillas
- A 1494 agreement Potugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Alantic Ocean would belong to Spain and those to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
- Aurangzeb
- 3rd son of Shah Jahan of Mughal Empire in India, whose strict enforcement of Isled led to divisions and decentralization of the government.
- Bartolomeu Dias
- An early Portuguese explorer known for his statement about his motives: "To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do."
- New Netherland
- Discovered by Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the service of Neverlands, the Dutch claimed the region around three waterways named for him-the Hudson River, and Hudson Straight, formed the Dutch West India company, and in 1621, granted permision to colonize the region and expand the fur trade
- Shah Jahan
- Son of Jahangir, seized throne by assassinating rivals. India suffered from famine, war, and excessive taxation. Created Taj Mahal to enshine his wife (mausoleum) after her death during childbirth at age 39.
- Sikh
- Member of a nonviolent religious group whose beliefs blend elements of Buddhism, Hinduism, ans Sufism, target of the Mughals' hatred.
- Ottoman
- Follower of Osman (also called Othman)
- Puritans
- A religious group who wanted even greater reform of the Church of England than had been established by Queen Elizabeth I. The Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England of the ceremonies and rich ornamentation that they believed linked it too closely ton the Catholicism they despised.
- Pilgrims
- A group of who, in 1620, founded the colony of Plymouth in Massachusetts to escape religious persecution in England
- Safavid
- Safavid Empire, a Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia between the 16th and 18th centuries, cultuurally diverse from traditions of Persians, Ottomans, and Arabs.
- New France
- The base of France's colonial empire in North America, Quebec, founded in 1608 by explorer Samuel de Champlain
- Joint-stock company
- A business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share the profits
- Montezuma
- Aztec emperor invaded by Hernando Cortes and his forces
- Janissary
- A member of an elite force of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire, made up of Christian slaves.
- Zheng He
- A Chinese Muslim admiral, he led all seven voyages of exploration under the Ming Dynasty from 1405-1433. The fleets were like huge floating cities and covered long distances-from southeast Asia to eastern Africa.
- Osman
- Known as the most successful warrior (ghazi), built a small Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300-1326. Father of the second Ottoman leader, Orkhan I.
- Ghazi
- A warrior for Islam
- Puritans
- A group of people who sought freedom from religious persecution in England by founding a colony at Massachusetts Bay in the early 1600s
- Byzantine Empire
- Non-Muslim religious communities permitted to follow their own religious laws and practices. Millets leaders reported to the sultan and his staff.
- Scientific Method
- An approach to scientific research developed by Isaac Newton based on three essential points:1. Observation 2. Generalization and 3. Experimentation. This method replaced the more mystical approach to science that had existed during the Middle Ages and Renaissance and resulted in a spectacular growth in scientific research.
- Akbar
- Barbur's grandson, "Greatest One", Indian ruler 1556-1605, said to have ruled with wisdom and tolerance (military and religious areas)
- Tenochtitlan
- Aztec capital where Hernando Cortes and his fellow conquistador convinced the Aztec emperpor, Montezuma II to share the empire's gold supply
- Esfahan
- Shah Abbas built this new capital for the Safavid culture, a showplace for artisans and considered one of the most beautiful capitals in the world.
- Favorable balance of trade
- An economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad
- S.Johnson
- Compiled the first comprehensive English dictionary in 1775. Johnson's dictionary was used well into 19th century.
- Quakers
- A religious group, also known as the "Society of Friends," founded in England by George Fox in the 1600's. The friends used silence in worship and rejected ritual; they also refused to sanction violence and supported humanitarian causes. William Penn and Ben Franklin were Quakers.
- Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
- Isaac Newton's most famous scientific book of 1686-87: "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Science."
- Isma'il
- In 1499, at the age of 12, seized most of what is now Iran, taking the ancient Persian title of shah or king and establishing Shi'a Islam as the state reigion. Known as a religion tyrant who had any citizen who did not convert, put to death.
- Astrolabe
- A brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees, by which a sea captain could calculate the ship's latitude (how far north or south of the equator)
- Compass
- An instrument for Determining directions, by means of a freely rotating magnettized needle that indicates magnetic north
- Tokugawa Shogumate
- A dynasty of shoguns that ruled a unified Japan from 1603 to 1867
- Mughal
- One of the namads who invaded the Indain subcontinent in the 16th century and established a powerful empire there.
- Mausoleum
- A large tomb or building containg tombs
- Charles Stuart
- King Charles I of England, executed in 1649 by the Parliamentarians at the end of the English Civil War.
- French & Indain War
- A conflict between Britain and France for control of territory in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- 1712-78 An important French philosopher of the Age of Reason. He believed that mankind was basically good and he extolled the power and beauty of the emotions.
- I.Newton
- English scientist and mathematician considered to be greatest figure in the history of science. Newton's work became the inspiration for The Age of Reason.
- The Restoration
- The return of the institution of the Monarchy in England in 1660. The period of the reign of King Charles II. (1660-85)
- Colony
- A land controlled by another nation
- Conquistadors
- The Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century
- Taj Manhal
- Built by Shah Jahan in India, to enshrine his wife's memory after she died at age 39 while giving birth of her 14th child, considered one of the world's most beautiful buildings.
- Babur
- 11 year old boy inherited a kingdom (1494) that is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. A brilliant general, he laid the foundation for the vast Mughal Empire.
- Dutch East India Company
- A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region.
- Hernando Cortes
- A spaniard, who in 1519, landed on the shore of Mexico
- Mehmed II
- Also called Mehmed the Conqueror, Murad's son, conquered Constantinople in 1453 and opened it to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds. The rebuilt was renamed Instanbul.
- Jacques Cartier
- French explorer who, in 1534, is credited with discovering what is now called the city of Montreal and the St. Lawrence River in eastern Canada.
- Daimyo
- A japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai
- Suleyman the Lawgiver
- Also known as Suleyman the Magnificent, ruled from 1520 to 1566, credited with great military leadership as well as implementing a highly structured social organization. Created a law code, simplified the system of taxation and reduced government bureaucracy. Viewed as having improved the daily life of almost every citizen.
- Mestizo
- A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry