World Cultures Final Study - Latin America

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Who started the revolution of the Mexicans against Spain and what class was he from?: Father Hidalgo - Creole
What classes fought against each other in the first Mexican revolution?: Creoles and Peninsulares against Indians and Mestizos
Who led the second Mexican revolution and what was his class?: Fr. Morelos - Mestizo.
Who led the third Mexican revolution and what was his class?: Augustin de Iturbide - Creole.
Why did the Creoles rebel from Spain?: They wanted rights and land reform.
Who claimed independence for Brazil and when?: Prince Pedro - 1889.
Why was Benito Juarez unique in Mexican history?: He was an educated Indian who was once a slave, and became the only Indian president to be elected 4 times.
Why did the Mexicans rebel again in 1910?: Dictator denied rights

Land reform
Who was Pancho Villa and what did he do?: Was a bandit, revolutionary

Attacked Tuscon (AZ), killed many people

Assassinated
What valuable natural resource does Mexico have?: Oil.
What is NAFTA? How can it help the Mexican economy?: North American Free Trade Agreement

Mexicans get jobs and $$$, ongoing production w/o tarrifs
Where did the first Native Americans come from, and why were they able to get to America?: Came from Asia - came across Bering Strait.
How did corn become food of the Americas?: Teosinte plant - would chew in mountains - throw in garbage pile - seperate male and female parts combined to form tassel
What was the first great civilisation of the Americans?: Mayas - Yucatan Peninsula
What type of writing did the Myans have?: Heirohlyphic.
What two major scientific achievements did the Myans make?: Calendar
Concept of zero
What type of buildings did the Myans have?: Pyramids.
What civilisation replaced the Myans?: Azteks.
Where were the Azteks located?: Mexico City area.
What was the capital of the Azteks called and where was it?: Tenochtitlan

Modern Mexico City
What did the Azteks do to their enemies?: Sacrificed to sun gods - cut out hearts while still alive.
What did the Azteks' legendary god tell them to do?: A white god would come - would tell them to stop human sacrifice

Quetzalcootle.
Who led the Spanish into the Aztek kingdom?: Cortez.
Why did the Azteks fear Cortez?: Thought he was white god returning - thought they were going to be punished for human sacrifice.
Who was the Azteks' king and what happened to him?: Montezuma - killed by his own people - gave all gold to Cortez
What civilisation existed in Peru?: Incas
What were the main foods of the Incas?: POTAOTES, beans, squash
Who was the king of the Incas?: Atahualpa
Which Spanish explorer destroyed the Incas and why?: Pizzaro - For gold - killed King
When did the first Americans get to America?: 50,000 y/ago
When did Americans begin farming?: 8000 yrs ago
When did the Mayans exist?: Approx. 1500 BC
When did the Mayans dissapear?: 800 AD
What treaty divided the new world that was sanctioned by the pope?: Treaty of Tordesillas
Where did the line of demarcation that divided the "new world" go through? What was the result of it?: Brazil - Brazilians speak Portugese, rest of S.A. speaks Spanish.
How could the Spanish rule be described?: Cruel and harsh.
What was the Encomienda System?: Forced labour for Indians - many wiped out.
Who was Bartolome de las Casas?: Stopped Indian labour - replaced with slavery of blacks.
Who were the Peninsulares?: Spaniards born in US - wealthy government rulers.
Who were the Creoles? Who did they resent?: American-born wealthymen - resented Peninsulares.
Who were the Mestizos?: Mixed Indians - European - farmers and shop keepers - in charge of mines
What did the church do?: Rich and powerful - taxed indians and others - built hospitals, schools, universities
What is a Hacienda?: A self-sufficient ranch or farm
What is a Maroon?: A colony of escaped slaves.
Who was Touissant L'Overture?: Black slave - rebelled against France - because of rebellion, LA territory was given to USA.
Who was Simon Bolivar?: A Venezualan creole - gained independence for Colombia and Venezuela in 1819.
Who was Jose de San Martin?: Creole - Independence for Argentina.
Who was Bernardo O'Higgins?: Joined San Martin to gain independence for Chile.
What did San Martin and Bolivar do together?: Freed Ecuador and Peru.
How was Fr. Hidalgo executed?: Firing squad.
Who was the Mexican dicator?: Profirio Diaz
Who raided America?: Pancho Villa
When did democracy return to Mexico?: 1917.
What are some problems in Mexico?: Land (Ejidos) is community owned

Oil peaked in 80s, took out many loans, went bust, now lots of debt

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