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Aldo Moro: Former premier of Italy and leader of the Christian Democratic Party who was assassinated by a terrorist group in 1978.
Syndicalism: The French trade-unionist belief that workers would become the governmental power through a general strike that would paralyze society.
Revisionists: Marxists who believed that workers empowered to vote could obtain their ends through democratic means without revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, known as revisionism.
National Socialists (Nazis): The political party of Adolf Hitler.
Imre Nagy: (1896-1958) Hungarian Communist Party leader who attempted to end association with the USSR which lead to the 1956 Hungarian revolt.
Cheka: The secret police under Lenin and his Communist Party.
Ivan the Terrible: (1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.
Rerum Novarum 1891: Papal encyclical of Leo XIII (1878-1903) that upheld the right of private property but criticized the inequities of capitalism. It recommended that Catholics form political parties and trade unions to redress the poverty and insecurity fostered under capitalism.
Giuseppe Garibaldi: (1807-1882) Soldier of fortune who amassed his "Red Shirt" army to bring Naples and Sicily into a unified Italy.
Hungarian Revolt (1956): Attempt by students and workers to liberalize the Communist regime and break off military alliance with the Soviet Union.
Paris Commune: The revolutionary municipal council, led by radicals, that engaged in a civil war (March-May 1871) with the National Assembly of the newly established Third Republic, set up after the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco- Prussian War.
Pan-Slavism: The movement to unite Slavs in the Balkans.
Liberal Party: Formerly the Whig Party, headed by Gladstone in the nineteenth century.
Fabian Society: Group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change.
Duma: Russian national legislature.
Triple Alliance: The 1882 alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy.
Gulag: Forced labor camps set up by Stalin for political dissidents.
Louie Napoleon Bonaparte (1808-1873): Nephew of Napoleon I; he came to power as president of the Second French Republic in 1848.
Bolshevik: Left-wing, revolutionary Marxists headed by Lenin. (Majority men).
Cold War: -An intense conflict between the superpowers using all means short of military might to achieve their respective ends.
Free Trade: An economic theory or policy of the absence of restrictions or tariffs on goods imported into a country. There is no "protection" in the form of tariffs against foreign competition.
Atlantic Charter: The joint declaration, in August 1941, by Roosevelt and Churchill, stating common principles for the free world: self-determination, free choice of government, equal opportunities for all nations for trade, permanent system of general security and disarmament.
Slavery: Abolished in the British Empire, 1833.
Social Darwinism: The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
Weltpolitik: ("world politics")The policy of making Germany a major global power through an expanding navy and the acquisition of colonies, the dream of William II.
Napoleon III: (1852-1870) The former Louis Napoleon, who became president of the Second Republic of France in 1848 and engineered a coup d'état, ultimately making himself head of the Second Empire.
Raputin: An uneducated Siberian preacher (nicknamed Rasputin, the Degenerate ) who claimed to have mysterious healing powers. He could stop the bleeding of Czarina Alexandra's son-possibly through hypnosis-and was thus able to gain influence in the czar's court, much to the dismay of top ministers and aristocrats, who finally arranged for his murder. The czarina's relationship with Rasputin did much to discredit Czar Nicholas's rule.
Zionism: Founded by Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) the Zionists sought the creation of a national homeland forthe Jews in Palestine. It was supported by the British Balfour Declaration during WWI but did not become a reality until 1948.
Decembrist Revolt: The 1825 plot by liberals (upper-class intelligentsia) to set up a constitutional monarchy or a republic. The plot failed, but the ideals remained.
Schleswig-Holstein: Two duchies located south of Denmark. In 1863 Schleswig was annexed by Denmark prompting Bismarck's Danish War.
Dual Monarchy: An 1867 compromise between the Germans of Austria-Bohemia and the Magyars of Germany to resolve the nationalities problem by creating the empire of Austria and the kingdom of Hungary, with a common ministry for finance, foreign affairs, and war.
Friedrich Engels: (1820-1895)Collaborator with Karl Marx. Engels was a textile factory owner and supplied Marx with the hard data for his economic writings, most notably Das Kapttal (l867).
Otto von Bismarck: (1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered a series of wars to unify Germany under his authoritarian rule. Realpolitik
Sigmund Freud: (1856-1939) Viennese psychoanalyst whose theory of human personality based on sexual drives shocked Victorian sensibilities.
Revanche: The French desire for revenge against Germany for the loss of Alsace and Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War (1870).
Appeasement: The making of concessions to an adversary in the hope of avoiding conflict. The term is most often used in reference to the meeting between Hitler and British prime minister Chamberlain in Munich, where agreement was made, in September 1938, to cede the Sudetenland (the German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia) to Germany.
Clara Zeikin: (1857-1933) German Marxist who focused on women's issues in the Communist Party.
Referendum: A plebiscite: the referring of a matter to the people for a decision.
Brown Shirts: Hitler's private army of supporters, also known as the SA (Sturm Abteilung).
Alexander III: (1881-1894) Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia.
Algerian Liberation Movement: An eight-year struggle by Algeria to secure independence from French colonial control; the goal was finally achieved in 1962.
Marshal Tito (Josip Broz): (1892-1980) Communist chief of Yugoslavia who proclaimed independence of his country from Soviet influence.
Karl Jaspers .: (1883-1969) German existentialist seeing all people as equally co-responsible for the terrors and injustices of the world.
Rotten boroughs: Depopulated areas of England that nevertheless sent representatives to Parliament.
Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928): British suffragette and founder of the Women's Social and Political Union.
Catholic Emancipation Bill (1829): Enabled Catholics to hold public office for the first time.
Count Cavour: (1810-1861) Italian statesman from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve unification of Italy. -vowed to drive out the Austrians and worked towards a united Italy.
Treaty of Rome: Pact, created in 1957, that set up the European Economic Community (also known as the Common Market).
Prince Clemens von Metternich (1773-1859): Austrian member of the nobility and chief architect of conservative policy at the Congress of Vienna.
Sudetenland: German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia, ceded to Germany in the Hitler- Chamberlain Munich meeting (September 1938).
William Gladstone: (1809-1898) English Prime Minister (Liberal) Instituted liberal reforms which were designed to remove long standing abuses without destroying existing institutions. He believed in Home Rule for Ireland. . In 1871 he removed the Anglician religion qualification for faculty positions at Oxford and Cambridge universities and introduced The Ballot act of 1872 which provided for a secret ballot.
Factory Act: Limited children's and adolescents workweek in textile factories
Kulak: An independent and propertied Russian farmer.
Benjamin Disraeli: (1804-1881) Leader of the British Tory Party who engineered the Reform Bill of 1867, which extended the franchise to the working class. Added the Suez Canal to English overseas holdings.
Schuman Plan: An international organization set up in 1952 to control and integrate all European coal and steel production; also known as the European Coal and Steel Community.
Red Brigade: Terrorist group committed to radical political and social change that claimed responsibility for the assassination of former Italian premier Aldo Moro in 1978.
Young Italy: An association under the leadership of Mazzini that urged the unification of the country.
Brezhnev Doctrine: Policy proclaimed in 1968 and declaring that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any Socialist country whenever it determined there was a need.
Dawes Plan: (1924) The provision of U.S. Loans to Germany to help meet reparation payments, which were also reduced.
Paul von Hindenburg: (1847-1934) President of Weimar Germany, who appointed Hitler chancellor in 1933; formerly a general in World War I.
Treaty of Frankfurt: The end of the Franco-Prussian War, which ceded the territories of Alsace and most of Lorraine to Germany.
Putsch: Forcible and illegitimate attempt to seize power.
Risorgimento: Italian nationalist movement-Italian drive and desire for unity.,
Vatican II: Pope John XXIII called the conference which met in four sessions between 1962-65. The purpose was to bring the church up to date (aggiornamento).
Petrograd Soviet: The St. Petersburg, or Petrograd, council of workers, soldiers, and intellectuals who shared power with the provisional government.
Classical liberalism: Middle class (bourgeois) doctrine indebted to the writings of the philosophes, the French Revolution, and the popularization of the Scientific Revolution. Its politi8cal goals were self government (concept ofthe general will); a written constitution; natural rights (speech, religion, press, property, mobility); limited suffrage; its economic goals were laissez-faire (free trade--no government interference in the workings of the economy).
Robert Owen: (1771-1858) Utopian socialists who improved health and safety conditions in mills, increased workers wages and reduced hours. Dreamed of establishing socialist communities the most noteable was New Harmony (1826) which failed.
Charles Darwin: (1809-1882) British scientist whose Origin of Species (1859) proposed the theory of evolution based on his biological research.
Conservative Party: Formerly the Tory Party, headed by Disraeli in the nineteenth century.
Edmund Burke (1729-1797): Conservative thought -author of "Reflections on the Revolution in France" (1790)- too much change to fast causes chaos- ie Fr Rev
SALT II: Additional arms limitations signings in 1979 which places limits on long-range missiles, bombers and nuclear warheads.
Council for Mutual Economic Aid (Comecon): An economic alliance, founded in 1949, to coordinate the economic affairs of the Soviet Union and its satellite countries.
Simone de Beauvoir: (1908-1986)-Existentialist and feminist who has written on the psychology and social position of women.
Sergei Witte: (1849-1915)Finance minister under whom Russia industrialized and began a program of economic modernization, founder of the Transiberian Railroad.
Leonid Brezhnev: (1907-1982-Soviet leader who helped oust and then replace Khrushchev.
Existentialism: A label for widely different revolts against traditional philosophy, stressing choice, freedom, decision, and anguish, and emerging strongly during and after the World War II years.
Lateran Agreement (1929): Pact that provided recognition by Mussolini of the Vatican and a large sum of money to the church as well.
Entente Cordiale: The 1904 "gentleman's agreement" between France and Britain establishing a close understanding.
Encirclement: Before both world wars, the policy of other European countries that, Germany claimed, prevented German expansion, denying it the right to acquire "living room" (Lebensraum).
Corn Laws: Repealed in 1846. imposed a tariff on imported grain sig- example of one sided legislation that benefited landowners by keeping grain prices high
Peter Stolypin: (1862-1911) Russian minister under Nicholas II who encouraged the growth of private farmers and improved education for enterprising peasants.
Truman Doctrine: Policy providing military aid to Greece and Turkey in an effort to contain Communism (1947-1948).
Poor Law of 1834: Legislation that restricted the number of poverty-stricken eligible for aid.
Carbonari: Italian secret societies calling for a unified Italy and republicanism after 1815.
Willy Brandt: (1913- )Chancellor of West Germany in the late 1960s; he sought to improve relations with the states of Eastern Europe.
Carlsbad Decrees (1819): Repressive laws in the German states limiting freedom of speech and dissemination of liberal ideas in the universities.
Alexander II: (1855-1881) Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government.
Reichstag: The lower house of the German Diet, or legislature.
V. I. Lenin: (1870-1924)The Bolshevik leader who made the Marxist revolution in November 1917 and modified orthodox Marxism in doing so.
Boyar: Russian noble.
Syllabus of Errors (1864): Doctrine of Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) that denounced belief in reason and science and attacked "progress, liberalism, and modern civilization."
David Ricardo: (1772-1823)English economist who formulated the "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth.
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873): British philosopher who published On Liberty (1859), advocating individual rights against government intrusion, and The Subjection of Women (1869), on the cause of women's rights.
Article 231: Provision of the Versailles Treaty that blamed Germany for World War 1.
European Economic Community: , begun on January 1, 1958, including France, German Federal Republic, Italy, and the Benelux nations (Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg). By 1966 the Common Market would eliminate all customs barriers between the countries, would set up a common tariff policy on imports, and would gradually remove all restrictions on the movement of workers and capital.
Sarajavo: The Balkan town in the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia where Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne.
Eduard Bernstein: (1850-1932) Revisionist German Social Democrat who favored socialist revolution by the ballot rather than the bullet-i.e, by cooperating with the bourgeois members of Parliament and securing electoral victories for his party (the SDP).
Benito Mussolini (1883-1945): The founder and leader of the Italian Fascist Party.
Henry Bessemer: (1813-1898) Englishman who developed the Bessemer converter, the first efficient method for the mass production of steel
Potsdam Conference-: The July-August 1945 meeting of Truman, Stalin, and Clement Atlee of Great Britain, at which disagreements arose over the permanent borders of Germany and free elections in East European countries. Stalin refused to hold free elections, in fear of anti-Soviet governments.
Council of People's Commissars: The new government set up by Lenin following the Red Guard seizure of government buildings on November 6, 1917.
Zemstovo: A type of local government with powers to tax and make laws; essentially, a training ground for democracy, dominated by the property-owning class when established in 1864.
Zimmermann telegram: A secret German message to Mexico supporting the Mexican government in regaining Arizona and Texas if the Mexicans declared war on the United States, a factor propelling the United States into World War I in April 1917.
Young Plan: (1929) Schedule that set limits to Germany's reparation payments and reduced the agreed-on time for occupation of the Ruhr.
Adolf Hitler: (1889-1945) The Nazi leader who came to power legally in Germany in 1933. He set up a totalitarian dictatorship and led Germany into World War II.
Ems Telegram: IB- tricked the Fr into declaring war on the N German Confederation- leads to the unification of Germany- The carefully edited dispatch by Bismarck to the French ambassador that appeared to be insulting and thus requiring retaliation by France for the seeming affront to French honor.
Woodrow Wilson: (1856-1924) President of the United States and key figure in the peace conferences following World War I; he intended to make the world "safe for democracy."
"Peace, land, and bread": The promise Lenin made to his supporters on his arrival in April 1917 in Russia after his exile abroad. (In Germany)
Three Emperors' League: The 1873 alliance between Germany, Austria, and Russia.
Michael Romanov: (1613-1673) In 1613 an assembly of nobles chose Michael as the new czar. For the next 300 years the Romanov family ruled in Russia.
Nationalism: The shared belief among peoples of a common heritage, culture, and customs, and speaking a similar language (there may be dialect differences).
Emancipation Edict 1861: The imperial law that abolished serfdom in Russia and, on paper, freed the peasants. In actuality they were collectively responsible for redemption payments to the government for a number of years.
Army Order Number 1: An order issued to the Russian military when the provisional government was formed. It deprived officers of their authority and placed power in elected committees of common soldiers. This led to the collapse of army discipline.
Quadruple Alliance: Organization, made up of Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia, to preserve the peace settlement of 1815; France joined in 1818.
Self-determination: The ability of an ethnic group to decide how it wishes to be governed, as an independent nation or as part of another country.
Zollverein: Economic customs union of German states established in 1818 by Prussia and including almost all German-speaking states except Austria by 1844.
Totalitarianism: An attempt by government to control a society totally through a dictatorship that employs the modern methods of communication-press, radio, TV-to glorify the state over the individual. Its varieties are Fascism, Nazism, and communism.
Friedrich Nietzeche: (1844-1900) German philosopher and forerunner of the modern existentialist movement; he stressed the role of the Ubermensch or Superman, who would rise above the common herd of mediocrity.
Catherine the Great: (1762-1796) An "enlightened despot" of Russia whose policies of reform were aborted under pressure of rebellion by serfs.
Father Gapon: Leader of the factory workers who assembled before the czar's palace to petition him on January 1905 (Bloody Sunday).
Blank Check: Reference to the full support provided by William II to Austria- Hungary in its conflict with Serbia. Al;so refers to the promise of support given by Russia to Serbia to develop of Slavic state.
Margaret Thatcher: (b. 1925- ) Conservative British Prime Minister and first woman to head a major European government.
Black Hand: The Serbian secret society alleged to be responsible for assassinating Archduke Francis Ferdinand. (Princeps)
Syndicats: French trade unions.
Giuseppe Mazzini: (1805-1872) Idealistic patriot devoted to the principle of united and republican Italy in a world of free states. Tried to unify in 1848 revolution
Kulturkampf: Bismarck's anticatholic campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations with Vatican. Eventually, after little success, Bismarck halted these policies.
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832): utilitarianism, British theorist and philosopher the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number
Algecira: The site of the 1906 conference in Spain at which German involvement in Morocco was rebuffed by Britain and France acting in unison.
Prague Spring: the liberal reforms introduced by Alexander Dubcek, the Czechoslovak Communist Party secretary. On August 20, 1968, twenty thousand troops from the Soviet Union and its satellite countries occupied Prague to undo the reforms.
Menshevik: Right-wing or moderate Marxists willing to cooperate with the bourgeoisie. (minority men)
Lusitania: British merchant liner carrying ammunition and passengers that was sunk by a German U-boat in 1915. The loss of 139 American lives on board was a factor bringing the United States into World War I.
Realpolitik: The "politics of reality," i.e., the use of practical means to achieve ends. Bismarck was a practitioner.
Nuremberg Laws: (1935) Measures that excluded Jews from white-collar professions and from marriage and habitation with non-Jews.
Washington Conference: (1921) Conference of major powers to reduce naval armaments among Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States.
Alexander Solzhenitsyn: (1918-)-Russian author of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, a novel detailing life in a Stalinist concentration camp.
Third Reich: Name given to Germany during the Nazi regime, between 1933 and 1945. The First Reich (or empire) was from 963 to 1806 (the Holy Roman Empire); the second was from 1871 to 1917 (the reigns of William I and William II).
Beer Hall Putsch: Hitler's attempt, in 1923, to overthrow the Weimar Republic when he fired his pistol in the ceiling of a Munich beer hall.
Nikita Khrushchev: (1894-1971)-Soviet leader who denounced Stalin's rule and brought a temporary thaw in the superpowers' relations.
Glasnost: Gorbachev used the term toexplainhis new policy of "openness" in allowing russians more freedom to dissent.
Triple Entente: After 1907, the alliance between England, France, and Russia.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: (March 1918) Pact by which Lenin pulled Russia out of the war with Germany and gave up one third of the Russian population in the western territories.
Victor Emmanuel III: (1900~1946) King of Italy who asked Mussolini to form a cabinet in 1922, thus allowing Mussolini to take power legally.
Karl Marx: (1818-1883) German philosopher and founder of Marxism, the theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development.
"Red Shirt": Volunteers in Garibaldi's army.
Labor Party: The British party that replaced the Liberals in the early twentieth century and championed greater social equality for the working classes through the efforts of labor unions.
Domestic system: The manufacture of goods in the household setting, a production system that gave way to the factory system.
Agatir: The site of the landing of the German gunboat in Morocco in 1911. William II tried to force the French to make concessions to Germany in Africa. Like the first crisis, this one drew Britain and France closer together.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Military alliance founded in 1949, between the United States and Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Canada, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, and Italy; later, Greece, Turkey, and West Germany joined.
Francois Guizot (1787-1874): Chief minister under Louis Philippe. Guizot's repression led to the revolution of 1848.
Spartacists: Left-wing Marxists in Germany who hoped to bring about a proletarian revolution in 1919.
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): Document, signed by fifteen countries, that "condemned and renounced war as an instrument of national policy."
Jean-Paul Sartre: (1905-1980)-French existentialist most famous for his statement that "existence precedes essence"-i.e., first we exist and then our decisions and choices shape our character or essence.
European Coal and Steel Community: Organized by Jean Monnet (1888-1979) it called for an integration of the coaland steel industries of France and West Germany. It finally added Italy and the Benelux states.
Dialectical materialism: The idea, according to Karl Marx, that change and development in history results from the conflict between social classes. Economic forces impel human beings to behave in socially determined ways.
Berlin Wall: Concrete barrier constructed by the Soviets in August 1961 between West Berlin and East Berlin to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West. (In 1990, the wall was torn down.)
SDP: The Social Democratic Party in Germany, based on Marx's Ideology.
Mein Kampf (My Struggle ): Work written by Hitler while in prison in 1923; the book outlines his policies for German expansion, war, and elimination of non Aryans.
SALT I: 1972 Treaty between America and Soviet Union whichlimitedthenumberof intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) at their existing levels for five years.
League of Nations: A proposal included in Wilson's Fourteen Points to establish an international organization to settle disputes and avoid future wars.
Imperialism: The acquisition and administration of colonial areas, usually in the interests of the administering country. (The Second Age of Exploration)
Crimean War: (1853-1856) Conflict ostensibly waged to protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, in actuality to gain a foothold in the Black Sea. Turks, Britain, and France forced Russia to sue for peace. The Treaty of Paris (1856) forfeited Russia's right to maintain a war fleet in the Black Sea. Russia also lost the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia.
Charles Fourier: (1772-1837) A leading utopian socialist who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing private property and monogamous marriage as well. Free love
Vatican Council of 1870: Gathering of Catholic church leaders that proclaimed the doctrine of papal infallibility.
Albert Camus: (1913-1960) -French existentialist who stated that in spite of the general absurdity of human life, individuals could make rational sense out of their own existence through meaningful personal decision making.
Indemnities: Financial demands placed on loser nations.
Free French: Supporters of General de Gaulle who refused to acknowledge the French armistice in 1940. In 1944, de Gaulle's Committee of National Liberation was proclaimed and recognized as the French provisional government.
Weimer: A reference to the republic of Germany that lasted from 1919 to 1933.
Black Shirts: The private army of Mussolini.
Pugechev: (1726-1775) Head of the bloody peasant revolt in 1773 that convinced Catherine the Great to throw her support to the nobles and cease internal reforms.
Nicholas II: (1894-1917) The last czar of the Romanov dynasty, whose government collapsed under the pressure of World War 1.
Dreadnought: A battleship with increased speed and power over conventional warships, developed by both Germany and Great Britain to increase their naval arsenals. Carried 10 300mm guns mounted in 5 turrets.
Caroline Norton (1808-1877): British feminist whose legal persistence resulted in the Married Women s Property Act (1883), which gave married women the same property rights as unmarried women.
Detente: Reference to the period of relaxation or thaw in relations between the superpowers during Khrushchev's rule in the Soviet Union.
Vatican: Independent sovereign state of the pope and the Catholic church, established in Rome In 1929.
Locarno Treaty (1925): Pact that secured the frontier between Germany and France and Germany and Belgium. It also provided for mutual assistance by France and Italy if Germany invaded its border countries.
Schlieffen: Plan-Top-secret German strategy to fight a two-front war against Russia and France. The idea was to invade neutral Belgium for a quick victory against France, and then direct German forces against a more slowly mobilizing Russia.
Holy Alliance: Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe. England asked to join- thinks it's silly
Louis Blanc: (1811-1882) Socialist-Wrote the Organization of Work (1840) , A socialist French politician. Louis believed that social problems should be solved by the government, and he called for the establishment of government workshops to make goods. Set them up during the 1848 French provisional government, and came to an end around the time of the June Days Revolt.
Anschluss: The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.
Warsaw Pact: A military alliance, formed in 1955, of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite nations.
Burschenschaften: Politically active students around 1815 in the German states proposing unification and democratic principles.-founded on liberal and nationalistic ideals. Significance- their beliefs threatened the conservative leaders at the time, who attempted to shut them down through the Karlsbad Decrees.
Siege of Paris: The four-month Prussian assault on the French capital after Napoleon III's surrender in 1870.
Frederick William IV (1840-1861): King of Prussia who promised and later reneged on his promises for constitutional reforms in 1848.
Mir: Village commune where the emancipated serfs lived and worked collectively in order to meet redemption payments to the government.
New Economic Policy: (NEP) Plan introduced by Lenin after the Russian civil war. Essentially it was a tactical retreat from war communism, allowing some private ownership among the peasants to stimulate agrarian production.
Enabling Act: Article 48 of the Weimar constitution, which enabled Hitler to issue decrees carrying the force of law.
Reform Bill of 1832: Gave vote to all men who paid ten pounds in rent a year; eliminated the rotten boroughs.
Repeal of Test Act (1828): Allowed Protestants who were not members of the Church of England to hold public office.
Alfred Dreyfus: (1859-1935) French Jewish army captain unfairly convicted of espionage in a case that lasted from 1894 to 1906.
Konrad Adenauer: (1876-1967) The first chancellor of West Germany; he was able to establish a stable democratic government.
Fourteen Points: Wilson's peace plans calling for freedom of the seas, arms reduction, and the right of self-determination for ethnic groups.
Solidarity: Polish political party (anti communism) lead by Lech Walesa wanted free elections for Poles.
Thomas Malthus: (1776-1834) English parson whose Essay on Population (1798) argued that population would always increase faster than the food supply.
Leon Trotsky: (1879-1940) Lenin s ally who organized and led the Bolshevik military takeover of the provisional government headed by Kerensky, in November 1917.
Fascism: The political and economic methods of Mussolini in Italy. The name comes from the fasces or bundle of rods tied around an axe, the symbol of authority in ancient Rome.
"What Is to Be Done?": Essay written by Lenin in 1902 that outlined his plan for an elite revolutionary cadre to engineer the communist revolution in agrarian Russia.
Parliament Act of 1911: Legislation that deprived the House of Lords of veto power in all money matters. (realistically curtails the power of the House of Lords).
Red Guards: The Bolshevik armed forces.
Parnell, Charles Stewart: (1846-1891) elected to Parliament in 1875 he came to prominence by obstructing other legislation to gain a hearing for home rule for Ireland. forced Gladstone to announced his support for a HOME RULE BILL.
Alcide de Gasperi: (1881-1954)-The leader of the Christian Democrats in Italy, he was committed to democracy and moderate social reform.
J. G. Fichte: (1762-1814) German writer who believed that the German spirit was nobler and purer than that of other peoples.
Indemnity Bill 1867: The bill passed by the German Reichstag that legitimated Bismarck's unconstitutional collection of taxes to modernize the army in 1863.
Herbert Spencer: (1820-1903) Social Darwinism- argued that in the difficult economic struggle for existence, only the "fittest" would survive.
Charles de Gaulle: (1890-1970}First president of the French Fifth Republic and former head of the Free French movement in World War II.
War Communism: The application of total war by the Bolsheviks to the civil war (1918-1920) at home-i.e, requisitioning grain, nationalizing banks and industries, and introducing rationing.
Boris Pasternak: (1890-1960) Russian author of Dr. Zhivago, a novel condemning the brutality of the Stalin era.
J. G. Herder: (1774-1803) Forerunner of the German Romantic movement who believed that each people shared a national character, or Volksgeist (spirit of the people)., (1774-1803)-Forerunner of the German Romantic movement who believed that each people shared a national character, or Volksgeist
Ivan the Great: (1462-1505 )The Slavic Grand Duke of Moscow, he ended nearly 200 years of Mongol domination of his dukedom. From then on he worked at extending his territories, subduing he nobles, and attaining absolute power.
Hegelian dialectic: Theory that ideas are the driving force of history, staunchly opposes Marx's Dialectic Materialism.
Constitutional Democrats: Also known as the Cadets, the party of the liberal bourgeoisie in Russia.
Common Market: Another name for the European Economic Community, which created a free-trade area among the Western European countries.
Daniel O'Connell: (1775-1847) Irish advocate for the of the Penal Laws against Catholics. Tried to have repealed the Act of Union of 1800, which linked Britain and Ireland legislatively. His election to Parliament for the passage of the1829 Catholic Emancipation Act which declared Catholics were eligible for Public Office.
Crystal Night: (Krystallnacht) The November 1938 destruction, by Hitler's brown Shirts and mobs, of Jewish shops, homes, and synagogues.
Decolonization: The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.
Marshall Plan: Program that advanced more than $ 11 billion for European recovery to sixteen Western nations from 1947 to 1953; the final cost to the United States was $20 billion.
Fifth Republic: Government established in France in October 1958. The First Republic lasted from 1793 to 1804; the Second, from 1848 to 1852; the Third from 1875 to 1945; and the Fourth, from 1946 to 1958.
Peaceful coexistence: The thaw in cold war tensions between the superpowers.
European Free Trade Association.: An association of Western European nations agreeing to favor each other in respect to tariffs. Members were Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Portugal, Switzerland, and Great Britain. Sometimes referred to as the Outer Seven-i.e., outside the Common Market; formed in 1959.
Perestroika: Gorbachev's policy of "restructuring" which included reducing the direct involvement of the Commuist Party leadership in the day to day governing of the nation. It was a decentralization of economic planning and controls.
Provisional government: The temporary government established after the abdication of Nicholas II (1881-1970), from March until Lenin s takeover In November 1917.
Bundesrat: The upper house, or Federal Council, of the German Diet (legislature).
Decembrist: Russian revolutionaries calling for constitutional reform in the early nineteenth century.
"Two Tactics for Social Democracy": The 1905 essay in which Lenin argued that the agrarian and industrial revolutions could be telescoped. It was unnecessary for Russia to become an industrialized nation before the Marxist revolution.

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Number of cards 223