botany exam
Terms
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- biomes
- terrestrial ecosystems in different parts of the world are so similar that ecologists classify them into larger ecosystems
- adaptation
- heritable charcteristic that is passed on genetically to the next generation that allows a particular organism to live in an enviroment
- parasites
- organisms that obtain energy and nutrients from another living organism, the host
- ecology
- investigating an organisms interaction with its enviroment
- temperate deciduous forests
- great lakes from south to the gulf of mexico, broad leaved species that shed all their leaves annualy during the fall and remain inactive during the winter
- food chain
- it connects all of the producers and consumers of an enviroment
- levels
- such as producer, herbivore, carnivore, and decomposer levels
- autotrophic
- self feeding-produce own sugar, protiens, vitamins, and amino acids
- chaparral
- the basque name for the scrub oak
- seed bank
- the soil contains viable ungerminateed seeds in natural storage
- secondary succession
- when an ares is disturbed by fire or floods some of the original soil plant and animal material may remain, the pattern of changes that follow is S S
- alkaloids
- medicines derived from plants, vincristine and vinblastine, come from periwinkle plant
- net productivity
-
energy produced by photosynthesis minus that lost in respiration
- community
- populations of different species living and interacting in the same location
- artificial selection
- when humans select which type of plant or animal that they want to continue growing
- tundra
- treeless marshy plain
- scarification
- germinate only after the seed coat is scratched or cracked or briefly soaked in concentrated acid
- secondary consumers
- carnivores
- heterotrophic
- humans and other animals must obtain food from other organisms and vitamins from other sources
- selection pressures
- enviromental conditions that are the forces that determine the outcome of natural selection
- producers
- the organisms of the community that harvest the energy of sunlight and use that energy to assemble carbon dioxide from the air into sugar during photosythesis
- carrying capacity
- max number of individuals that can survive and reproduce in an ecosystem
- photosynthesis
- convert light energy into the chemiacal energy of sugar
- population
- group of individuals of the same species sharing the same territory or reproducing with each other
- natural selection
- individuals best adapted to their enviroment produce the most offspring and pass their desirable genes to the next generation
- gymnosperms
-
plants that are called pines and firs
- enviromental biology
- how the effects of humans and pollution and water quality etc has affected the enviroment
- herbivores
- plant eaters, depend on plants for their energy
- ecosystem
- populations interacting with one another in a community and their nonliving enviroment
- epicotyl
- region of embryo above the sttachment point of cotyledons, gives rise to the shoot made up of leaves and stems
- taiga
- found south of the tundra dominated by conifers
- dormant
- ebryo is alive but not activley growing
- mutualistic
- the interaction is mutually beneficial to the organisms involved
- biotechnology
- way of using organisms to make commercial products
- climax community
- remain relativly stable until they are disrupted by some sort of disturbance suach as a fire or flood
- consumers
- herbivores and carnivores, they eat the things in an enviroment
- root hairs
- single celled, cover each root beginning a few millimeters away from its tip
- primary succession
- those changes occurring on rock lava sand and other areas htat have never been covered by plants
- competition
- ecological interaction between two organisms to axquire a resource that both need and that is in limited supply
- lianas
- woody vines that are rooted in the ground hang from tree branches
- embryo
- inner part of each seed, young plant, seed protects the embryo until it can produce it's own sugars
- grasslands
- supported huge pop of herbivores, interior of most continents
- carnivores
- meat eaters, may eat herbivores to obtain energy and building blocks for their bodies
- succession
- cumulative change in the biotic and abiotic compoinents of an ecosystem
- cotyledon
- seed leaf, stores and suppliesnutrients and energy for the embryo
- hydrophytes
- plants such as water lilies that grow in water and have modifications that adapt them to their aquatic enviroment
- stomata
- small pores where transpiration occurs
- stump sprouting
- regeneration that allows shrubs to grow quickly after a fire and to produce stems and leaves before other plants have a chance to develop from seeds
- coleorhiza
- sheathes the radicle, helps the seed germinate and grow,
- epiphytes
- attached to limbs and trunks , plants that are attached to other larger plants, live by their own phototsynthesis
- decomposers
- depends on dead organisms or their parts to make their living in community, bacteria and fungi
- primary consumers
- herbivores
- angiosperms
- plants often called evergreens
- permafrost
- permanently frozen soil beneath the surgave prevents water from drainin deep into the soil
- transpiration
- water loss from a plant through its stem and leaves
- species diversity
- defined by the number of species and num of individuals per species in an ecosystem
- cell walls
- made of cellulose, surrounds each plant cell, procides some protection to the cell, and gives the cell shape
- survival of the fittest
- those organisms that are best adapted to their enviroment will go on to live and reproduce
- trophic
- organisms in community are linked by their use of energy and nutrients, nutrition
- ecologists
- scientists who investigate processes in an enviroment
- internodes
- parts of stems between nodes
- stratification
- seeds of woody plants in temperate climates require a wet period that is followed by several weeks of cold before they germinate
- axillary bud
- found in the upper juncture between a leaf and the stem
- ecological trade off
- negative aspect of the characteristic for every positive aspect
- radicle
- tip of the hypocotyl
- wilt
- a limp condition caused by insufficient water in the cells
- stem
- collection of nodes, internodes, axillary buds
- abiotic
- nonliving factors in an enviroment
- root cap
- tip of all roots, it is protective, produces mucialge, helps the root as it moves through the soil
- seed coat
- outer protective layer immediatly surrounding the seed, thin and papery
- biotic
- living organisms in an enviroment
- cellulose
- is in the cell wall made by the sugar produced during photosythesis
- habitat
- the place where an organism lives and grows
- nodes
- regions where leaves and axillary buds attach to stems
- dicots
- produce seeds each having two cotyledons, peanut
- seeds
- produced by the flowering plants
- hypocotyl
- region below the attachment point
- chlorophyll
- found in heterotrophic organisms, used in photosythesis
- monocots
- flowering plants that produce seeds each with only one cotyledon
- limiting factor
- an envirmental factor that inhibits the growth, reproduction, or behavior of an organism
- apical meristem
- growing point at the apex of the shoot and above the surface
- coleoptile
- sheethes the shoot, helps the seed germinate
- surface area
- part of a plant in contact with its environment, extended by a plants root hairs
- endosperm
- nutritive material found in the sed for the growing seedling