Religious Studies Midterm Exam Terms

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What is monotheism?: the belief in one God
What is polytheism?: The belief in many gods.
What is atheism?: The belief in no god.
What is agnosticism?: We cannot know whether there is a god or not.
What is monolatry?: The belief in many gods, but worship of only one.
What is henotheism?: Devotion to one "God," with the acceptance of the existance of other gods.
What is theism?: Beleif in gods or deities.
What is deism?: Beleif in a personal God or gods.
What is pantheism?: God is in everything.
What is animism?: Nature is alive with soul
What was E.B. Tylor's theory of religion?: animism>ancestor worship>polytheism>monotheism
What is mana?: life force
What was Karl Marx's view of religion?: -People create religion
-Keeps the opressed from revolting
What is Sigmund Freud's view of religion?: -religion originates in men's guilt
-results in worship of father figure
What is Emile Durkheim's view of religion?: God is society
What is Paul Tillich's theory of religion?: Religion is that which is of "ultimate concern"
What is Jiddu Krishnamurti's theory of religion?: humans are always seeking something "beyond"
What is an oral religion?: A religion not transmitted in writing
What are rites of passage?: a ritual that marks significant life events
What is a taboo?: Something too sacred or too forbidden
What is divination?: predicting the future/interpreting signs or omens
Who were the Hopi and Zuni?: Early native american peoples
A type of Pueblo Indians
Divided into matrillenial clans/only women own land
Who are the Pueblo Indians?: New mesico/arizona regions
including the hopi/zuni
live in adobes
Who were the Anasazi?: "The ancient ones"
Pueblo Indians
What are the 3 meanings of "Kachina"?: 1) a diety
2) a masked dancer representing the deity
3) a doll representing the deity
What is the religious view of Robert Henry Codrington?: Mana is the basis of all religion
What is the religious view of Max Muller?: religion comes from nature worship and confused speech.
What is the religious view of Wilhelm Schmidt?: monotheism origional/corruption led to polytheism because even primitive people believe in a high God.
What were the 3 steps in Sir James Frazer's theory of religion?: 1) Magic: trying to control nature
2) Religion: pleading with nature
3) Science: actually controlling nature
Who is Krishna?: One of the 10 incarnations of Vishnu. A mischievous toddler, but loved and adored.
Who is Radha?: A Gopi (shepardess) with which Krishna has a special relationship that represents the relationship between god and soul.
Who is Yudhishthira?: Oldest Pandava brother/incarantion of dharma (righteouness)/leader/fond of gambling
Who is Bhima?: Strongest Pandava brother/incarnation of Vayu (god of the wind)
Who is Arjuna?: The perfect warrior/main character of the Bhagavad Gita/Incarnation of Indra (the god of war)
Who were Nakula and Sahadeva?: Twin Pandava brothers/incarnations of Vedic gods Ashvins
What are the three HINDU paths to salvation?: 1) Path of action
2) Path of knowledge
3) path of devotion
Who is Rama?: A Prince, hero of the Ramayana poem. Saves his wife from kidnapping by demon.
Who is Kalki?: Final avatara yet to come. Will come at the end of the age and destroy evil.
Who is Siddhartha Gautama?: Born to Queen Maya after a dream. Lived in luxury in the palace (never left) until he went out and saw the four signs. Became The first Buddha.
What were the four signs that the Buddha saw?: 1. old man
2. sick man
3. dead man
4. hermit (monk)
Four noble truths of Buddhism?: 1. All this is suffering
2. The cause of suffering is desire
3. When desire is gone, suffering is gone
4. This can be achieved by following the 8-fold path
What is the 8-fold path?: 1. right understanding
2. right intention
3. right speech
4. right action
5. right work
6. right effort
7. right meditation
8. right contemplation
What is samadhi?: right contemplation
What is anatta?: no self
What is dhamma?: existential atoms, both physical and mental.
What are the five aggregates?: 1. body
2. perception
3. sensation
4. karmic traces
5. conciousness
What is nirvana?: "blowing out/extinction"
liberation of the cycle of death and rebirth
What is Theravada Buddhism?: most conservative form of Buddhism/each person reaches liberation alone/monastaries important/religious language is PALI
What is Mahayana Buddhism?: -goal is the liberation of all beings
-enlightened being lead otehrs to salvation
-religious language is sanskrit
What is an arhat?: Theravada ideal: someone who has entered the 8-fold path. Usually a monk
What is a bodhisattva?: Mahayana ideal: enlighted being who steps back on brink of nirvana to save others. A being without karma.
Who is Maitreya?: next buddha to come. can be encountered in meditation
Who is Avalokiteshvara?: The Bodisatva of compassion
Who is Padmasambhava?: Brought Buddhism to Tibet.
Who was Guru Rinpoche?: Tibetian name for Padmasambhava. Brought Buddhism to Tibet.
What is "bon?": animistic tibeten religion
what is a lama?: a tibetan buddist preist
What is terma: hidden ancient scriptures
What is terton: spiritual masters.
What are mandalas?: sacred diagrams used in meditation. represent cosmos.
What is "dorje?": "thunderbolt"
represents compassion.
What is drilbu?: a hand-ball
represents wisdom
What was the Pueblo revolt?: Pueblo Indians and apaches overthrew Spanish in New Mexico for 12 years. Destroyed chruches/annulled Christian marriages.
Who was Trevino?: Spanish governor that banned native religions in 1675.
Who was Pope?: Medicine man. Publically whipped by Spanish for witchcraft. Claimed the Kachinam had called him to restore ancient ways.
What is "kiva?": Hopi for "old house" a ceremonial chamber underground for secret rituals. Only for the initiated.
What does veda mean? What are the Vedas?: Veda means wisdom. The four vedas are the oldest texts in hinduism.
What is rigveda?: Wisdom of the verses.
What is samaveda?: wisdom of the songs.
What is the yajurveda?: wisdom of the sacrificial formulas.
what is the atharvaveda?: wisdom of the atharva preists.
Who is Agni?: vedic god of fire. mediator between gods and humans.
Who is Indra?: the god of thunder and war.
Who is Varuna?: the universal king. punishes sinners.
Who is Mitra?: god of friendships and contracts.
Who is surya?: the sun personified.
Who is Ashvins?: divine twins/ride of hourses/rescue people in need.
Who are maruts?: group of gods associcated with wind and storm.
Who is Ushas?: goddess of dawn. lovely madien. pursued by sun.
Who is Vac?: goddess of language. embodies the language of sanskrit. goddess of poets.
What is soma?: god/sacred plant. hallucinogenic. grown on mountains. pressed, fermented, mixed with milk.
What are the four castes?: Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras
What are the Brahmans?: preists
What are the Kashatriyas?: warriors
What are Vaishyas?: merchants/farmers
What are Shudras?: servants
What is atman?: inner self
What is brahman?: cosmic force
What is the Bhagavad Gita?: "The Song of the Lord." one of the most sacred texts. dialouge between krishna and arjuna. part of the mahabharata.
What is the Mahabharata?: World's longest poem. Composed in sanskrit. pandava vs. kaurava brothers.
What is Zen?: meditation/ japanese school of Buddhism?
Who is Bodhidharma?: founder of Zen in China. Inventor of tea?
What is satori?: sudden enlightenment
What is a koan?: a zen riddle. has no answer. helps deconstruct samsara.
What is zazen?: meditation is a lotus position. daily practice.
What is a jaina?: one who practices jainism
What is a jina?: spiritual conquereor, one who has reached liberation.
What are tirthamkara?: aka JINA. helps people cross river of samsara.
Who is Mahavira.: "founder" of jainism.
Who is Vardhamana.: Mahavira's original name. founder of jainism.
what is jiva?: eternal soul in every living being.
what is ahimsa?: non-violence.
What are the two types of jainism?: Svetambara and Digambara
What is Svetambara?: sect of jainsits. both men and women...wear white
What is Digambara?: sect of jainists. must renounce everything, including clothes. no women.
Who is guru nanak?: founder of sikhism. "there is no hindu, no muslim"
What is amritsar?: city established by 4th guru.
What is the Golden Temple: In armistar. sacred skih shrine.
What is Adi Granth?: The first book of sikhism. complied by 5th guru. became 11th guru.
Who is Gobind Singh?: 10th guru. established khalsa, society of sikhs.
What is khalsa?: society of sikhs.
What are the 5 K's in sikhism?: 1) KESH-long hair/beard
2) KHANGA-hair comb
3) KACH-special underwear
4) KIRPAN-sword
5) KAVA-steal bracelet
What is Khalistan?: "Free land." seperate sikh state in Panjab.

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