pharmacology ch 1&2
Terms
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- Side effect
- Mild or annoying but expected & fairly common undesirable response to a med
- Antagonist
- Med that binds at receptor sites to prevent other meds from binding to those same sites
- Antagonism
- Cancellation or reduction of one drug's effect by another drug
- Absorption
- uptake of meds for distribution in the body through or across tissues
- Free or unbound drug
- Drug that has reached the bloodstream & is ready for use in the body
- Schedule V
- Narcotic preparations containing limited quantities of narcotics, generally cough & antidiarrheal preparations_cough syrups with codeine, diphenoxylate HCI with atropine sulfate (Lomotil) & attapulgite (Parepectolin). Cough suppressants with small amounts of codeine (Robitussin A-C, Cheracol syrup). Antidiarrheals containing paregoric (Parepectolin, Kapectolin PG). Diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil).
- Oils
- thick, greasy liquid that is either volatile ( to impact an aroma) or fixed
- Pharmacokinetics
- Processing of drugs by the body
- Drug addiction
- Compulsive use of drugs or substances that results in physical, psychologic, or social harm.
- Ideal drug
- Drug that is both effective & safe, producing no side effects or adverse reactions; only a theoretical construct
- Drug strength or potency
- Concentration of active ingredient (s) in a medicinal preparation.
- Schedule II
- Narcotics_opium, codeine morphine, methadone, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone (Percodan), fentanyl (Duragesic) Stimulants_amphetamines, methylphenidate (Ritalin), amphetamine salts (Adderall). Analgesics: Cocaine, Codeine, Fentanyl (Sublimaze), Hydrocodone (Hycodan), Hydromorphone (Dilaudid), Meperidine ( Demerol), Methadone (Dolophine), Morphine (Roxanol), Oxycodone (OxyContin), Oxycodone/APAP (Percocet), Oxycodone/ASA (Percodan). Central Nervous System Stimulants: Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine, Adderall), Methylphenidate (Ritalin), Methamphetamine (Desoxyn). Sedatives/Hypnotics: Amobarbital, Glutethimide (Amytal), Pentobarbital (Doriden), Secobarbital (Nembutal, Seconal)
- Schedule IV
- Narcotics_propoxyphene (Darvon), pentazocine (Talwin). Depressants_chloral hydrate (Noctec), phenobarbital, diazepam (Valium), Librium, Xanax, Tranxene, benzodiazepines (Ativan, Dalmane), Versed, Serax, Halcion, Valmid, meprobamate (Equanil), Restoril, paraldehyde. Stimulants_Tenuate, phentermine. Analgesics: Butorphanol (Stadol), Pentazocine (Talwin), Propoxyphene (Darvon, Darvocet-N). Antianxiety Agents: Alprazolam (Xanax), Buspirone (BuSpar), Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), Clorazepate (Tranxene), Diazepam (Valium), Halazepam (Paxipam), Lorazepam (Ativan), Meprobamate (Equanil), Oxazepam (Serax). Anticonvulsant: Clonazepam (Klonopin). Central Nervous System Stimulants: Modafinil (Provigil), Pemoline (Cylert). Sedatives/Hypnotics: Chloral hydrate (Noctec), Eszopiclone (Lunesta), Ethchlorvynol (Placidyl), Flurazepam (Dalmane), Midazolam (Versed), Phenobarbital (Luminal), Temazepam (Restoril), Triazolam (Halcion), Zaleplon (Sonata), Zolpidem (Ambien). Weight Control Agents: Diethylpropion (Tenuate), Phentermine (Fastin), Sibutramine (Meridia).
- Over the counter (OTC) drug
- Drug that does not require a prescription; nonlegend drug.
- Safe drug
- Drug that causes no harmful effects when taken in high doses over a long period of time
- Agonist
- Med that binds to the receptor site & stimulates the function of that site; drug that mimics a function of the body
- Summation
- combining of drugs to achieve the expected effect of each drug
- Managed health care
- Methods for financing & organizing the delivery of health care in which costs are contained by controlling the services provided.
- Toxicology
- Study of poisonous effects of drugs
- Anaphylaxis
- Severe allergic reaction, possiblly fatal, to a drug that occurs a short time after a drug has been administered to a person who is hypersensitive to it
- Allergic reactions
- Hypersensitivity to a drug that may occur after only one dose is taken
- Pharmacology
- Study of drugs, their uses, & their interactions c living systems.
- Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
- Agency responsible for the safety, efficacy, & purity of drugs marketed in the U. S.
- Antipyretic
- Med c fever-reducing property
- Controlled substances
- Med that is controlled by the Drug Enforcement Administration because of its potential for abuse & misuse.
- Antiinflammatory
- Med c inflammation-reducing property
- Respondeat superior
- Legal premise in which the employer is held responsible/liable for the wrongful actions of an employee that may cause injury or damage as long as the employee works within the scope of practice; literally, "Let the master answer"
- Potentiation
- Prolongation or increase in the effect of a drug by another drug
- Brand-name drugs
- Proprietary ("brand-name") drug c a trademark (such drugs are marked c).
- Antimetabolites
- Agent that disrupts essential cell metabolic processes & is used to treat malignancies by opposing the actions of or replacing a metabolite necessary for cell growth by interfering c DNA metabolism
- Bioequivalency
- State or property of having the same strength & availability for absorption in the body as the same dosage of another available source of that drug.
- Drug Efficacy
- Ability of a drug to produce the desired chemical change in the body.
- Solubility
- Ability of particles to be dissolved
- Glycosides
- Active plant substance that yields a sugar (glyco-) plus an active ingredient
- Pharmacotherapeutics
- Effects of drugs in the Tx of disease
- Tolerance
- Decreased response to a med following prolonged use of a drug
- Legend drugs
- Drug that requires an order from a licensed health care provider for dispensing ( synonym: prescription drug)
- Excretion
- Elimination of med from the body through respiration, perspiration, urination, or defecation
- Local action
- Drug action of a med at the site of administration or in the surrounding tissues
- Antidote
- Drug or substance given to stop a toxic effect
- Recombination DNA technology
- Genetic engineering technology used to create new drugs
- Chelators
- Agent used to treat metal poisonings
- Synergism
- Working together of two or more drugs to produce a stronger effect than could be achieved c each drug taken alone
- Clinical pharmacology
- Study of drug effects in humans.
- Metabolism
- Physical or chemical processes in the body that inactivate a drug for excretion from the body; biotransformation
- Drug dependence
- Compulsion ot take a drug, either continuously or periodiclaly, to relieve a real or imagined physical or psychologic need
- Synthetic or Manufactured drugs
- Drug that has been created chemically in the laboratory w/o the use of plant or animal products
- Alkaloids
- Organic compound that is al kaline in nature & is combined c acids to make salts
- Administer
- To give or apply med to a person
- Standardization or Drug standards
- Rules & regulations to ensure consumers that they are receiving meds c therapeutic consistency.
- Active ingredient
- Medicinal ingredient in a pure, undiluted form of the chemical that has effects on body functions
- Inert ingredients
- ingredient that has little or no effect on body functions; used to provide substance to active ingredient
- Distribution
- dispersion of med to sites in the body
- Drug interactions
- Effects of meds taken together
- Dispensing
- To give meds to a pt to be taken at a later time
- Drug
- Any chemical that has an effect on living processes.
- Placebo
- Med c no pharmacologic or therapeutic effect that is used to satisfy a pt's psychologic need for med.
- Pharmacognosy
- Branch of pharmacology dealing c the origins of drugs ( natural or manufactured sources)
- Generic drugs
- Drug not protected by a trademark but regulated by the FDA.
- Drug abuse
- Misuse or overuse of drugs in a manner that deviates from the prescribed manner, which might lead to physical or psychologic dependence, usually by self-med
- Indications
- Reason to use a particular drug for a particular disorder
- Systemic action
- Drug action found at more than the site of administration, usually tissues throughout the body
- Schedule I
- Narcotics_heroin Hallucinogens_peyote mescaline, PCP, hashish amphetamine variants, LSD Cannabis_marijuana, TCH. GHB, LSD, MDMA (Ectasy), Mescaline, Methaqualone (Quaalude), Phencyclidine (PCP), Psilocybin
- Dangerous drugs
- Drug that cause addiction or that is detrimental to the body.
- Chemical biotransformation
- Alteration of meds within the body to prepare for excretion from the body; metabolism
- Hypersensitivity reaction
- heightened immune reaction or allergic reaction to a med
- Drug blood level
- Amount of a drug circulating in the bloodstream; also known as the reference value in laboratory reports
- Psychologic drug dependence or habituation
- Accustomization to a drug through frequent use or exposure or repeated administration of meds for the pt's mental sense of well-being; the craving for a drug because of frequent use
- Pharmacodynamics
- Interactions of drugs & living tissues
- Drug samples
- Med left by a m anufacturer's representative in a physician's office to be given, not sold, to a pt c the main purpose of ensuring the pt can effectively take the med
- Gums
- Thick solution that can hold aq & swell
- Schedule III
- Narcotics_paregoric (opium devivative), certain codeine or hydrocodeine combinations (with acetaminophen, aspirin, or ibuprofen). Depressants_glutethimide (Doriden), pentobarbital (Nembutal). Stimulants_benzphetamine. Anabolic Steroids: Oxandrolone (Anavar), Oxymetholone (Oranabol). Analgesics: Buprenorphine (Buprenex), Butalbital compound (Fiorinal), Codeine combined with nonopioid analgesic (Tylenol w/codeine, Soma w/codeine, Empirin w. codeine, Hydrocodone combined with nonopioid analgesic (Vicodin, Lortab, Lorcet, Tussionex). Central Nervous System Stimulant: Benzphetamine (Didrex). Male Hormone: Testosterone (Androderm, Delatestryl). Sedative/Hypnotic: Butabarbital (Butisol)
- Drug abuse
- Misuse or overuse of drugs in a manner that deviates from the prescribed manner, which might led to physical or psychologic dependence, usually by self-med
- Desired effect
- Intended response to a med
- Drug purity
- Quality or state of having the type & concentration of substances set forth by FDA standards for production of a drug.
- Physical dependence
- Craving for drugs because of extended use, so the drugs have taken over the individual's life & have affected normal body functioning; discontinuation of use of hte drug typically results in withdrawal symptoms
- Drug quality
- State or condition of ensuring that each time a med is taken as ordered or in compliance c the manufacturer's directions, it meets the same drug standards.
- United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)/National Formulary (NF)
- Official drug reference book for meds approved in the U.S.; combination of USP & NF.
- Vehicle
- Inactive agent that carries an active medicinal ingredient
- Analgesics
- Med c pain-relieving property
- Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
- Agency in the Department of Justice c the legal responsibility to enforce the statutes of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse & Prevention Act of 1970.
- Cummulation or Accummulation
- Increasing storeage of a med in the body caused by the body's inability to metabolize or excrete teh med before another dose is taken.
- Receptor site
- Cell component that combines c a drug to alter cell fnction; in pharmacology, the part of a cell that interacts c drugs
- Usage
- Application/administration of a med for a given purpose
- Prescription
- Written order for despensing or administering meds, usually by a physician,dentist, or other licensed health care provider as allowed by law.
- Prescribes
- To indicate, either in writing or orally, a med to be given.