Biochemistry II 2
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- Catabolism
- degradation
- Anabolism
- biosynthesis
- Autotrophs
-
synthesize all their cellular constituents from simple molecules such as H2O, CO2, NH3 and H2S
-2 possible energy sources (chemolithotrophs and photoautotrophs) - Chemolithotrophs
- get E from oxidation of inorganic compounds such as NH3, H2S and Fe2+
- Photoautotrophs
- get E from photosynthesis (light energy powers the transfer of electrons from inorganic donors to CO2 to produce carbs (CH2O)n)
-
Heterotrophs
(And what do they depend on??) -
-get G by oxidation of organic compounds
-ultimately depend on autotrophs - Obligate aerobes
- obligated to usage of O2
- Obligate anaerobes
- poisoned by O2
- Anaerobes
- use oxidizing agents such as sulfate or nitrate
- Facultative anaerobes
- can grow in either presence or absence of O2
- Facultative
- either or can work depending on circumstances
- Metabolites
- reactants, intermediates and products of metabolic pathways
- What are the major free energy sources of anabolic pathways?
- ATP and NADPH
- Citric Acid Cycle
- Acetyl-CoA goes to CO2 by oxidation
- What reduced coenzymes does the Citric Acid Cycle produce?
- NADH and FADH2
- Reduction
-
-gain of electrons
-loss of O
-gain of H - Oxidation
-
-loss of electrons
-gain of O
-loss of H - Oxidative phosphorylation
-
ADP + Pi → ATP
(powered by the free energy from oxidation of metabolic fuels) - Glycolysis
- carbohydrate degradation pathway
- Mitochondrion
-
C,O,F,A
CA cycle
OP (Oxidative Phosphorylation)
Fatty acid oxidation
Amino Acid breakdown - Cytosol
- GX, PPP, FA↑, gluconeogenesis
- Lysosomes
- enzymatic digestion of cell components and ingested matter
- Nucleus
-
-DNA replication and transcription
-RNA processing - Golgi apparatus
-
-postranslational processing of membrane and secretory proteins
-formation of plasma membrane and secretory vesicles - Rough ER
- synthesis of membrane-bound and secretory proteins
- Smooth ER
- lipid and steroid biosynthesis
-
Peroxisomes
(glyoxysomes in plants) -
-oxidative reactions catalyzed by amino acid oxidases and catalase
- glyoxylate cycle reactions in plants - Most ATP is contained where?
- cytosol
- Which mammalian organ is responsible for the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors?
- liver
- Gluconeogenesis
- synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors
- Adipose tissue is responsible for storage of what?
- Triacylglycerols
- Isozyme
-
enzymes that catalyze the same rxn but:
1. encoded by different genes
2. have different kinetic or regulatory properties - What are the two isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase and where are they found?
-
M and H type
M- muscle (skeletal) and liver- predominates in tissues subject to anaerobic conditions
H-heart- predominates in tissues subject to aerobic conditions - What does lactate dehydrogenase do?
-
interconverts lactate and pyruvate
M isomer better at P→L (Ampel)
H isomer better at L→P - A heart attack can be diagnosed by finding what in the blood?
- H-type LDH