Tryglyceride Synthesis
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- common name of 1,2 diacylglycerol phosphate?
- phosphatidic acid
- What three precursors can the intestine use in tryglyceride synthesis?
- monoacylglycerol, glycerol, DHAP
- What two precursors can the liver use in tryglyceride synthesis?
- glycerol and DHAP
- What precursor can adipose tissue use to synthesize triglycerides?
- DHAP
- What does glycerokinase do in tryglyceride synthesis?
- phosphorylates glycerol to alpha glycerophosphate in the liver and intestine (uses one ATP)
- What does alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase do in tryglyceride synthesis?
- it reduces DHAP to alpha-glycerophosphate, oxidizing an NADH to NAD+
- What does monoacylglycerol acyl transferase do in triglyceride synthesis?
- it adds an acyl to the beta carbon of a monoacylglycerol in the intestine.
- How do you convert alpha glycerophosphate to phosphatidic acid in tryglyceride synthesis?
- 1. add two acyl-CoA molecules 2. add a water and extract a Pi with phosphatidate phosphohydrolase
- What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid to triacylglycerol? What does it do?
- Diacylglycerol Acyl Transferase adds an acyl CoA to phosphatidic acid
- Where does diacylglycerol acyl transferase function?
- cytoplasm
- lipoprotein lipase
- degrades triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in adipose tissue and muscle
- how does insulin effect triglyceride synthesis?
- stimulates triglyceride synthesis, the storage of glucose energy as fat and glycerol
- how is the NADH pool maintained for use in triglyceride synthesis?
- by oxidizing ethanol to acetaldehyde and acetaldehyde to acetate via their respective dehydrogenase enzymes
- how does chronic ethanol alcohol intake effect triglyceride synthesis?
- it stimulates it because ethanol oxidation is creating more NADH which stimulates the reduction of DHAP to alpha glycerophosphate, the first step in triglyceride synthesis
- hormone sensitive lipase
- triglyceride lipase in adipose tissue
- what activates triglyceride lipase?
- phosphorylation by a protein kinase that is in turn activated by cAMP mediated protein kinase
- what is the rate limiting step in the triglyceride degradation pathway?
- hormone sensitive lipase degradation of triglyceride to one free fatty acid and a diglyceride
- why does glycerol leave adipose tissue via the blood? where does it go?
- there is no glycerol kinase in adipose tissue so it must go to the liver to participate in gluconeogenesis
- what hormones activate triglyceride degradation in adipose tissue?
- glucagon and catecholamines
- what happens to triglycerides in diabetes?
- insulin deficient so triglyceride degradation constantly stimulated -> increased ffa and glycerol in circulation to liver -> increased beta oxidation and ketone body formation -> ketoacidosis