Film Final- Chapters 1-5

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key light: primary source of light. provides dominant illumination and casts the strongest shadows. most directional lighting and corresponds to the motivating light source in setting
unity/disunity: elements working together or some not fitting
close up: shot that shows the human heads, hands, feet or small object
mise en scene: director's control over what happends in the film frame. includes setting, lighting, costumes and behaviour of figures
medium long shot: show where the human figure is framed from about the knees up
sidelighting: position of light to sculpt character's features
story: set of all events in narrative both shown and assumed/predicted by viewer
cinematographer: leader of "photography" unit. expert on lighting and camera techniques. consults with director on how much shot/scene will be lit and filmed
exposure: how much light passes through the camera lens
Apparent Motion: visual display is changed rapidly, our eyes can then see movement
letterboxed: dark bands at the top and bottom of the screen approx. the film's theatrical proportions
hard lighting: type of lighting that creates clearly defined shadows, crisp textures and sharp edges
depth: how deeply the plot tells us about a character's psychological state
temporal duration: plot selects from story duration, story duration yields an overall plot duration, screen duration can select from plot duration, plot can use screen duration to override story time
feature length film: very long ribbon of images carried by projectors at 90 feet/min
film production: has three phases 1)production 2)distribution 3)exhibition
selective focus: choosing to focus only on one plane and letting the other planes blur
slow motion: when the film is exposed at more frames/sec the projection of the speed of action is slower, this is called
high key lighting: overall lighting design using fill and backlight to create low contrast between brighter and darker areas
developement: progression of film-segmentation
theatrical: screening to public that pays admission
frontal lighting: position of light to eliminate shadow
fast motion: when a film is exposed at fewer frames/sec the projection of the speed action looks sped up, it is called this
contact printers: printer used for making work/release prints and various special effects
studio: company in the business of manufacturing films
automated dialogue replacement: process where dialogue is recorded in post production. actors in the studio speak their lines (called dubbing or looping) non-synchronized dialogue is added by ADR too
temporal order: from the plot order, we can figure out story order by rearranging scene that are presented to us out of order
above-the-line-costs: expenses for literary property, scriptwriter, director and major cast
plot: everything visibly and audibly present in the film. diegetic- everything visible in the film non-diegetic- elements brought into the film from the outside world
below-the-line-costs: expenses for crew and secondary cast and shooting and assembly phases and insurance and publicity
negative cost: sum of above/below the line costs. avg hollywood neg cost in 2005=60 million
objective depth: the viewer sees the character's external behaviour
costumes: can emphasize character's importance, and play important motivic and causal roles in narratives. they can be coordinated with setting and they help to pick out the characters if the background are neutral
similarity/repitition: looking for motifs/parrallels, repeated objects
form: organization of the film in a pattern that triggers ideas/emotions
following shot: shot where the camera follows figures and moving object
deep focus: choosing to bring all planes into sharp image/never blurred. shorter focal length lens used and faster film
pan shot: shot the rotates the camera so it has the impression of a frame horizontally scanning
lens: object on camera that gathers light from scene and transmits light onto flat surface on film to form an image that represents size, depth and other dimensions
omniscient narration: the plot gives the viewer a lot of information about the story (unrestricted narration)
production designer: person in charge of visualizing the film's setting
temporal frequency: the amount of time a scene recurs in a film
medium shot: shot that frames that human body from the waist up
distribution: provide mainstream entertainment in theaters around the world. gets 90% of first week's gross (total box office receipts from exhibitor), which drops gradually to 30% after several weeks
exploitation products: low budget film tailored to the market of video rentals and sales
symptomatic meaning: significance that the film divulges, often against its will by virtue of its historical/social context
negative: film strip from camera
backlighting: position of light that comes from behind the subject filmed. when used with no sources of light it creates silhouettes, with more frontal sources of light, an illuminated contour is created (called edgelighting)
focal length: the distance from the centre of the lens to the point where the light rays converge to a point of focus on the film
gauge: width of film strip. measured in "mm". commercial theaters use 35mm. the greater of this, the greater image quality
setting: location of filming. may already exist or may be made for film
positive: duplicate of negative that can be projected
long focal length (long/telephoto) lens: lens that flattens the space along the camera's axis. affects the subject's movements- they seem to take more time to cover ground
cross-promotion: a film and product line are advertised simultaneously
critical flicker fusion: usual films shot at 24 still frames/second. a projector shutter breaks the light beam once a new image is slid into place and once while it is held in place (i.e. each frame projected twice). This raises the number of flashes to the threshold of CFF
perceptual subjectivity: the viewer sees/hears things from character's point of view
merchandising: a company buys the right to use the film's characters, title or images on their products
extreme long shot: shot where human figure is barely visible (landscapes, birds eye views of cities etc.)
overexposed: when too much light is admitted through the camera lens resulting in the scene being too bright
difference/variation: explanations of random scenes
crane shot: shot where the camera rises or descends. it can move forward, backward and side to side
racking focus: changes focus between objects in background and showing objects in foreground clearly and vice versa
digital video: stores images electronically
mobile framing: the changing of the camera angle, level or height distance during the shot. the ability for the camera to be mobile
cinematographic qualities: qualities of certain aspect of filmmaking including the photographic aspects of shot, the framing of shot and the duration of the shot
small scale production: experimental/documentary films. very little division of labour in films
soft lighting: type of lighting that creates a diffused illumination
implicit meaning: significance for the viewer to discover upon analysis or reflection. theme- something below the surface
attached shadow: occurs when light fails to illuminate part of an object because of the object's shape or surface feature
explicit meaning: significance presented overtly, usually in language and often near beginning or end of the film. what was the point of the film? something the film states right in your face
low key illumination: overall lighting design that creates stronger contrasts and sharper, darker shadows. lighting is hard and fill light is lessened or eliminated
independent films: low budget productions that are made for theatres but do not have major distribution financing
mental subjectivity: the viewer is taken into the character's mind
soundtrack: down the edge of a film strip. optical encodes sonic information in the form of patches of light and dark running down the edges of the frame. it may be monophonic or stereophonic
underexposed: when not enough light is emitted through the camera lens so the scene is too dark
short focal length (wide angle) lens: lens that distorts straight lines lying near the edge of the frame- makes them bulge outward. exaggerates depth, makes figures moving cover ground more rapidly
medium close up: show that frames the human body from the chest up
prop: object in setting within the ongoing action. can become a motif
top lighting: position of light that is a spotlight that shines down from almost directly above
windows: time between a film's theatrical release and it's release on DVD
time-lapse: to make things go extremely quickly, one needs to use a very slow shooting speed (i.e. one frame/min, hour or day), it is called
three point lighting: classic hollywood cinema developement. uses 3 light sources- backlight comes from behind and above the figures, keylight comes diagonally from the front and fill light comes from a position near the camera
pre-production: preparing for physical production. hiring crew and cast, find locations and set up office. the shooting schedule is made
safe area: key actions spots where important things are placed so they can be seen on a TV screen
middle focal length (normal) lens: lens that seeks to avoid noticeable perspective distortion. foreground/background seems neither stretched nor squashed
fill light: less intense illumination. softens of elliminates shadows casts by key light
restricted narration: the plot tells/shares the viewer with the same information as the characters
underlighting: position of light coming from below the subject
long shot: shot of figures that are more prominent, but the background still dominates
highlight: patch of relative brightness on surface. provides important cues to texture
producer: works with the project through scriptwriting, obtains financial support and arranges the hiring of crew members, works with director and monitors marketing and distribution of the film
director: in charge/oversees everyone and everything
tilt shot: shot that yields the impression of unrolling a space from top to bottom or bottom to top
shallow space composition: composition has little depth and the closest planes seem only slightly seperated
narrative: story/chain of events in cause-effect relationship occuring in time and space
cast shadow: the body blocks out the light
screenwriter: prepares screenplay (script)
narrator: specific agent is telling us the story
the tracking/dolly shot: shot that allows the camera to travel in many directions along the ground
extreme close up: shot that singles out a portion of the face or isolates and magnifies an object
deep space composition: composition has significant distances that seem to seperate the planes
depth of field: range of distances before the lens within which objects can be photographed in sharp focus, short focal length has greater, then long focal length that has shallow
function: role/effect within the films form
answer print: first positive print complete with picture and sound
slow film stock: film stock that is low in contrast
make-up: enhances the appearance of actor's on screen. helps to sculpt the actor's face, and assists in role
referential meaning: allusion to particular items of knowledge outside the film that the viewer is expected to recognize tangible meanings. barebone plot summary-most basic elements of film
release print: approved answer print made for distribution
patterns of developement: create expectations in the viewer that can be delayed, cheated or gratified
high speed: to show something going at extremely slow speeds one needs to have an extremely fast shooting speed (hundreds or thousands of frames/sec) this is called
fast film stock: film stock that is very sensitive to reflected light. produces a contrasty look

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