Bio 220 exam 1
Terms
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- define and give example: passive transport
- movement of a substance across a membrane down its concentration gradient. facilitated diffusion is when this process is speeded up by carrier proteins. ex: v-gated Na channels
- define and give example: active transport
- movement of a sustance across a membrane against its gradient. ex: NA/K pumps. incles primary and secondary.
- define and give example: primary transport
- counter gradient movement of a substance powered by ATP hydrolysis ("pump"). example: Na pumps
- define and give example: secondary transport
- counter-gradient movement of a substance powered by simulatenous movement of another substance down its gradient. includes symporters and exhangers
- define and give example: symporter (cotransporter)
- when the two substances are both moving through the membrane in the same direction but one is downhill and powers the uphill one. example: Na+/glucose symporter in kidney sells
- define and give example:exhanger
- when the two substances are moving through the membrane in opposite directions and one is downhill and powers the uphill one. EX:Na+/H+ exchanger in eggs.
- define and give example: tetany vs. twitch
- twicth is force generated by the firing of 1 AP, tetany is the maximum force generated by a high frequency of APs
- define and give example: motor unit
- a motor neuron and all muscle cells its connected to
- define and give example:recruitment
- adding of motor units by the brain to increase force
- define and give example: osmotic pressure
- pressure creadet by osmosis between two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane
- what substances can move through a cell membrane by simple diffusion?
- H2O, gases, lipids
- C&C: spatial and temporal summation
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Temporal summation involves action potentials arriving at the terminus of one presynaptic axon at close intervals so that each succeeding postsynaptic EPSP builds on the previous ones. In this way, the postsynaptic, electrotonic depolarizations accumulate to form a grand EPSP that results in a new frequency of action potentials in the axon of the postsynaptic neuron.
Counterpoint to temporal summation, in spatial summation, the information input (action potential frequency) in a number of presynaptic neurons arrives sufficiently close together to release enough neurotransmitter chemical to accumulate and depolarize a sufficient area of the postsynaptic membrane to attain a grand EPSP and generate a new frequency of action potentials in the postsynaptic axon. - C&C: AP vs EPP
- EPP only happens at nmj
- C&C: EPSP vs IPSP and give an example of a NT that causes each
- EPSP excites through depoarizing (Ach) IPSP inhibits by hyperpolarizing (GABA)
- C&C graded potential and all or none
- all or none - action potential or EPP. graded -epsps, ipsps
- forumla for osmolarity?
- molarity * number of particles it dissociates into
- whats ECC, ICC, SR concentration, of Ca2+
- small, very low, very high
- whats ECC, ICC of Na+
- 150, 15
- whats ECC, ICC of K+
- 5(15), 150
- whats ECC, ICC of Cl-
- 110, low
- how does hypertrophy of muscle cells happen
- more contractile proteins are produced and added to existing myofibrils