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bones (general)

Terms

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epiphysis
expanded ends of a bone
diaphysis
The main shaft of a long bone. (Plural is diaphyses.)
metaphysis
That part of the bone which is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.
periosteum
The connective tissue membrane which covers the bone.
endosteum
The thin membrane which lines the marrow cavity of a bone.
cortical bone
The adjectival form of the term cortex, which refers to the outer layer. (type of tissue)
cancellous bone
A spongy structure, refers mostly to bone tissue. (type of tissue)
osteocytes
Mature bone cells.
lacunae
Small cavities containing mature bone cells. (Singular is lacuna.)
canaliculi
The narrow channels through which the osteocytes extend. (Singular is canaliculus.)
axial skeleton
has 80 bones, and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, sternum, hyoid, and ears. * Skull 21 (8 paired and 5 unpaired) * Ossicles of Ears 6 (3 per side) * Lower Jaw 1 * Hyoid Bone 1 * Vertebrae 26 bones * Chest 25 bones * Total 80
paired bones of the skull (8 paired/total of 16):
1.inferior nasal concha 2.lacrimal 3. maxilla 4. nasal 5. palatine 6. parietal 7. temporal 8. zygomatic
unpaired bones of skull (5)
1. ethmoid 2. frontal 3. occipital 4. sphenoid 5. vomer
ossicles of each ear (3 on each side)
1. incus 2. malleus 3. stapes
lower jaw (bone)
mandible
vertebral column (26 bones total)
1. cervical vertebrae (7) 2. atlas (1st cervical vertebrae) 3. axis (2nd certical vertebrae) 4. thoracic vertebrae (12) 5. lumbar vertebrae (5) 6. sacrum 7. coccyx
chest (25 total)
1. sternum 2. ribs (12 pairs)
anterior fontanel
The space where the frontal angles of the parietal bones meet the two ununited halves of the frontal bone.
posterior fontanel
The space where the occipital angles of the parietal bones meet the occipital.
anterolateral fontanels
An interval on either side of the head where the frontal angle of the temporal bone and greater wing of the sphenoid meet. (2)
posterolateral fontanels
The interval on either side of the head between the mastoid angle of the parietal bone, the temporal bone, and the occipital bone. (2)
cervical spine
7 vertebrae located in the neck area Abbreviated C1–C7; concave
thoracic spine
12 vertebrae located in the upper back Abbreviated T1–T12; convex
lumbar spine
5 vertebrae located in the lower back Abbreviated L1–L5; concave
sacral spine
5 fused sacral vertebrae Two sides are smooth for joining with pelvic bones; resembles a triangle
coccyx
Single bone fused from 4–5 coccygeal vertebrae at base of spine Also called the tailbone
articulate
Articulate means to loosely connect or join Thoracic vertebrae articulate to 12 ribs to create a protective cavity for the heart and lungs (thoracic cavity)
invertebral discs
Fibrous tissue and cartilage between the vertebrae to absorb spinal compression and shock Disc also correctly spelled disk
appendicular skeleton:
* clavicle (collarbone) (1 per side for a total of 2) * scapula (shoulder blade) (1 per side for a total of 2) * arm bones (3 per side for a total of 6) o humerus (upper arm) o radius (forearm) o ulna (forearm) * carpal (wrist) (8 per side for a total of 16) * metacarpal (hand) (5 per side for a total of 10) * phalanges (fingers) (14 per side for a total of 28) * os coxae (hip/pelvic bone) (1 per side for a total of 2) * femur (thigh) (1 per side for a total of 2) * patella (kneecap) (1 per side for a total of 2) * tibia (leg) (1 per side for a total of 2) * fibula (leg) (1 per side for a total of 2) * tarsal (ankle) (7 per side for a total of 14) * metatarsal (foot) (5 per side for a total of 10 * phalanges (toes) (14 per side for a total of 28)
8 carpal bones:
hamate, scaphoid, trapezium, pisiform, trapezoid, lunate, triquetrum, and capitate bones
7 tarsal bones
talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cuneiforms. The talus articulates with the tibia to bear weight from the legs. The medial malleolus (on the tibia) and the lateral malleolus (on the fibula) protect the talus on both sides.
long bones
Long bones are bones whose length is greater than their width, such as the bones of the extremities (tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, humerus).
short bones
Short bones are shaped more like cubes and are generally found in the ankle and wrist (carpus and tarsus).
flat bones
Flat bones are found in the cranial vault, sternum (breastbone), shoulder blades, and ribs. Flat bones are made up of a layer of marrow (diploe) sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.
irregular bones
Irregular bones are a mix of irregularly shaped bones that do not fall into any of the other bone-type categories. They are found in the face, spinal column, and hips.
sesamoid bones
Sesamoid bones are mostly rounded masses embedded in certain tendons and are usually related to the surfaces of joints. Included in this group are the patella (kneecap), metacarpophalangeal joints of the hands, and metatarsophalangeal joints of the toes.
wormian bones
Wormian bones are small bones found between suture lines of the skull where the edges of the skull bones are joined together.
fibrous joints
No joint cavity and, in general, does not move. radioulnar and tibiofibular joints
cartilagenous joints
Has no cavity and is somewhat moveable. growth zones in the arms and legs
synovial joints
Joint cavity which is kept lubricated by synovial fluid. intercarpal joint
flexion
Bending to decrease the angle between two bones. Think of this as flexing the biceps.
extension
Unbending to increase the angle between two bones. Think of this as extending, as in reaching your arm as far as you can (virtually eliminating the angle between the humerus and the radius/ulna).
abduction
Moving a body part away from the midline.
adduction
Moving a body part towards the midline. (Think of this as adding a body part back to the body.)
cirumduction
Movement of a body part in a circle, which can include all the above joint movements as well.
rotation
Movement of a body part or parts around its axis.
supine
The position of the body when lying face up, including hands being palm up and feet bent upwards.
prone
The position of the body when lying face down, including the hands being palm down and the feet bent downwards.
dorsiflexion
Movement of the foot that brings the top of the foot closer to the leg.
plantar flexion
Movement of the foot that brings the heel closer to the posterior part of the leg, the toe pointed farther away from the leg.
tubercle
Small, rounded process on the femur.
trochanter
Massive and found only on the femur.
condyle
Round, articulating knob on the humerus.
tuberosity
Large, rounded process on the humerus.
types of projections
tuberosity, condyle, trochanter, tubicle
fossa
Flattened, shallow; i.e. armpit (axillae).
sulcus
Grooved, fissure; i.e. deep furrows of brain.
sinus
Cavity, hollow space in bone.
foramen
Allows nerves and blood vessels to pass; i.e. foramen of skull.
types of depressions (muscle/bone attachment)
foramen, sinus, sulcus, fossa
nuchal ligament
Nuchal means pertaining to the neck.
triquetral ligament
Triquetral means three cornered and appears in different places throughout the body. The prefix tri- should be familiar as meaning three.

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