Animal F*cking science 121
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- Which livestock species consume the lowest amount of non-human edible feedstuffs?
- Swine and Poultry
- One measure of efficiency in animal production is feed conversion. What two variables are needed to determine feed conversion?
- Weaning weight and feed consumption
- In Oregon, which animal commodity listed has the lowest production value?
- Swine
- What type of organisms does animal science deal with?
- Livestock and poultry
- Approximately what amount of protein in the average human diet is from animal sources?
- 1/3 of the diet
- If farmers are so efficient why are there still starving people in some regions of the world?
- Poor food distribution
- In what sense are cattle more efficient than swine?
- They can consume lower quality feeds
- What is responsible for the increasing demand of animal products?
- Increasing: population, urbanization, incomes
- Most domestic cattle came from what wild species?
- Auroch and Celtic Ox
- What does it mean when cattle are polled?
- It means that the animal naturally lacks horns
- What changes when beef cattle are moved to the feed lot?
- The animals are kept in confined areas, concentrates are added to their feed
- Which of the following breeds of cattle would tend to be more heat tolerant?
- Brahman
-
Which of the following grades of beef would contain the least amount of fat:
Select?
Cutter?
Choice?
Utility?
Prime? - Cutter
- Dehorning is often performed on what type of cattle?
- Any non-polled cattle
- Most often, veal is produced from?
- Bull calfs
- What are the primary areas of beef production?
- Cow/calf, stocker and feedlot
- When were cattle domesticated?
- 9,000BC
-
Which of the following species has the lowest normal fecundity:
Cattle?
Swine?
Goats?
Sheep?
- Cattle
-
This species is mostly resistant to heat, disease and parasites:
Bantang?
Zebu?
Gayal?
Auroch? - Zebu
- To which taxonomic group do cattle belong?
- Bovine
- What conflict interrupted the cattle drives?
- The Civil War
- During the cattle drives, how were cattle transported from Kansas to the East?
- Railroad
- What is ADG?
- Average Daily Gain
- What is Creep feed?
- First feed that is fed while still nursing or on milk replacer
- What is EPD?
- Expected Progeny Difference
- What is a freemartin?
- Sterile female that has a fraternal twin of a bull calf
- What is the primary product in the US that is obtained from goats?
- Mohair
- Ewes are stimulated in to estrus cycling by photoperiod. What time of the year does estrous cycling typically begin in sheep?
- Fall
- What method is most commonly used to dock sheep tails?
- Elastrator
- How is heat determined in sheep?
- A teaser ram is needed
- What is a Hank?
- A unit of yarn
- \"Range wars\"?
- Were the disagreements between sheep and cattle ranchers
- Sheep numbers decreased during the wars of the early to mid 1900\'s. T/F?
- True
- The top sheep production state is:
- Texas
- Australia produces the largest amount of wool. T/F?
- True
- A sheep milk breed is:
- East Friesian
- Which breed of sheep has hair not wool?
- Katahdin
-
Which of these goat breeds is used for primarily milk production:
Pygmy?
Angora?
LaMancha?
Boer? - LaMancha
- Which breed of goat does not have external ears?
- LaMancha
- Mohair comes from
- Angora goats
- A castrated male pig is called a wether. T/F?
- False. Barrow
- What is a 175 pound market swine properly called?
- Hog
- Where were swine first domesticated?
- Southeast Asia
- To which taxonomic group do swine belong?
- Porcine
- Pigs that became feral in the Southeastern part of the United States were brought to the new world by which explorer?
- De Soto
- A beef cow will consume what percent of her body weight per day?
- 2-3%
- What is the approximate gestation length of a beef cow?
- 283 days
- What is the blood grading system used for in wool evaluation?
- Evaluates the quality of wool based on breed and fiber type
- Deficiency of which of the fallowing nutrients is associated with White Muscle Disease in sheep?
- Selenium
-
Which of the following is a relatively common use for today\'s wool besides garments:
Industrial lubricant?
Shoes?
Hammocks?
Carpet?
- Carpet
- In Oregon, like the US, the dairy industry is slowly relocating to a different region. In Oregon, which direction is the dairy industry moving?
- East
- Following parturition, dairy bull calves are usually sold. In general, about how long do these calves remain on the dairy farm before sale?
- Days
- Embryo transfer has recently become common in the dairy industry. T/F?
- False
- How is mastitis identified?
- Cell counts in milk
- Which type of milking parlor design is the least efficient based on the amount of walking by the milker?
- Herringbone
- Dairy cattle were developed from a different domestication event than Beef Cattle. T/F?
- False
- Which of the following processes stops the milk fat from separating after bottling?
- Homogenization
- When considering dairy cattle feeding, what is dry matter intake?
- The total amount of feed minus the water consumed per day
- Which dairy breed that we discussed is also considered a beef breed?
- Shorthorn
- Which two Western states have shown dramatic increase in dairy production in recent years?
- Idaho and New Mexico
- Which two breeds are part of the OSU Dairy\'s management model?
- Holstein and Jersey
- The gestation length for swine is how long?
- 3 months, 3 weeks and 3 days
- \"Ringing\" in swine is done to prevent what?
- Rooting
- Most modern commercial hogs have been selected for what particular body type?
- Meat type
- In general, which region of the world has the highest per capita consumption of pork?
- Europe
- What is the most common method of identification markings used in swine?
- Ear notching
-
Which of the following is not a typical reason for docking tails in swine:
Cleanliness?
Tail biting?
Requirement at some auctions? - Cleanliness
- Typically, castration is performed on piglets that are only a few weeks old. Older boars that are destined for slaughter are also castrated for what reason?
- Reduced boar taint
- \"Hand breeding\" in swine is...?
- Artificial insemination
-
When feeding swine, as the pigs get older the protein level in the feed:
Increases?
Decreases?
Is removed completely?
Remains unchanged? - Decreases
- Early weaning in swine typically occurs when?
- 3 weeks of age
-
Which of the following horse breeds are not considered \"hot blooded\":
Clydesdales?
Thoroughbreds?
Quarter Horses?
Arabians? - Clydesdales
- Horses are somewhat seasonal. When breeding, what time of the year will give the best results?
- April-September
- Where did the original domestication of the horse occur?
- Central Asia
- Which horses are most closely associated with pulling beer wagons?
- Clydesdales
- What is a pony?
- A small horse
- What determines whether a female horse is a filly or a mare?
- Age
- Where did the Indian tribes of the North American West get their horses?
- Feral horses brought from Spain by the Spanish explorers
-
Which of the following natural markings is commonly used to identify horses?
Hoof prints?
Nose prints?
Ear shape?
Hair whorls? - Hair whorls
- Buckskin and Dun horse color patterns are very similar. What is the primary difference?
- Dun has a dorsal stripe
- Standardbreds are race horses. What are the two types of these horses?
- Pacers and Trotters
- What advantages do traditional livestock producers have over non-traditional production?
- Established market streams, current acceptance by consumers and research base to draw from
-
Which of the following is not usually a primary consideration of most niche market consumers?
Product perceived to be better?
Product perceived to be more nutritious?
Price?
Exotic nature of the product? - Price
-
Which of the following are probably the most controversial products of the rabbit industry?
Meat and fur?
Fur and research?
Meat and exhibition?
Exhibition and pets? - Fur and research
- What is a major reason for the increased interest in Aquaculture in the last three decades?
- Fishing had reached max sustainable yield
-
Which of the following would NOT be considered a non-traditional product:
Rabbit meat?
Organic milk?
Foster Farms chicken?
Tilapia fillets? - Foster Farms chicken
- A young male chicken is called a...?
- Cockerel
-
Which of the following species of poultry has the shortest incubation period?
Chicken?
Turkey?
Ducks?
Geese? - Chicken
- What is the basic breeding method that was described in class and used routinely by the poultry industry?
- Line breeding
- When the hunter/gather people first domesticated chickens from a wild species, what was the most probable reason for doing this?
- Because of their fighting ability
- What happens to fertile chicken eggs, after laying, are stored for 7 days before incubating?
- They will hatch normally
- From what reason of the world were chickens domesticated?
- Southeast Asia
- When brooding chickens, supplemental heat is required for about how long?
- 4-6 weeks
- James Dryden was a poultry researcher in the early 20th century at what is now OSU. What important work did he do?
- Used genetic selection to improve egg number
-
Which of the following is correct concerning turkey breeding:
Breeders maintain a ratio of 1 male to 10-12 females?
Breeders maintain a ratio of 1 male to 3-4 females?
Turkeys are usually pair mated?
Breeders use Artificial Insemination? - Breeders use Artificial Insemination
-
Sexual maturity marks the beginning of estrus cycling in the following livestock except:
Dairy cattle?
Swine?
Horses?
Chickens? - Chickens
- What species of livestock is \"phase feeding\" used in their management?
- Swine and Poultry
-
Which of the following species does not have a feral type:
Horse?
Cattle?
Swine?
Goats?
They all have feral types? - Cattle
- Which species has a North American origin?
- Turkey
- Castration is a common management technique for young male livestock. Which species is not commonly castrated?
- Chicken
- Oregon State University, which began in 1868 under the name Oregon Agricultural College, got it\'s start from which law passed by the US Congress?
- Morrill Act
- Which livestock species consume the most highest amount of non-human edible feedstuffs?
- Cattle and Sheep
- One measure of efficiency in animal production is feed conversion. What two variables are needed to determine feed conversion?
- Feed consumed and weight gain
- Worldwide, which animal species is produced in the highest numbers?
- Chickens
- Spring calving in beef cattle is accomplished for what reason?
- Lush growing pastures are available
- What does it mean when cattle are not polled?
- It means that the animal has horns
- What management practice is almost exclusively done to reduce the hazards of cattle to producers or to other cattle?
- Dehorning
- Early weaning of beef calves usually occurs when?
- between about 35 days and 5 months of age
- Age is an important factor to determine when to breed beef cattle heifers. What else is necessary for optimal conception and birth of calves from these heifers?
- When weight reaches about 65% of expected adult weight
- The primary reason for finishing cattle in feedlots is to...?
- Provide consumers with higher quality (grade) beef
- Castrating bull calves is done for what purpose?
- To increase the quality of meat
- What was the purpose of crossing the Bos indicus type cattle into the European breeds?
- To improve disease and parasite resistance and improve heat tolerance
- Lamb is the primary human food product of the sheep industry, what is the secondary food product from sheep?
- Cheese from sheep milk
- The age at harvest for a typical market lamb is...?
- 6-9 months
- Which wool grading system is based on the percentage of sheep breed genetics?
- Blood System
- A castrated bull with horns that is over 30 months old is properly called what?
- An oxen
- Goats are thought to have been domesticated from what species?
- Bozoar Goats
- What sized operations are the most numerous in the beef cattle industry?
- 1 to 49 head
- Which beef breed was nearly extinct until a federal program was established in the 1920\'s to make sure it survived?
- Longhorn
- What method is mos commonly used to castrate bull calves or ram lambs?
- Elastrator
- Greasy wool is shorn wool before cleaning. Approximately what percentage of the greasy wool is still available for sale following cleaning?
- 45%
- Steer and barrow are terms which have the same meaning in Cattle and Swine. Which term has the same meaning with Sheep and Goats?
- Wether
- What is the difference between a pig and a hog?
- They are different weights
- During typical commercial production of poultry, birds from which production class are moved to new facilities during their growth or production?
- White egg layers, Brown egg layers, Turkey Hens and Turkey Toms
-
Which of the following species has the shortest incubation period?
Turkey?
Chicken?
Pheasant?
Japanese Quail?
- Chicken
- Which dairy breed has the highest milk test?
- Jersey
-
In class, information was given to show some of the differences between the dairy industry in the late 1920\'s and today. Which of the following is an incorrect statement:
Average production from individual cows has remained fairly constant?
Most - All of the above
- Based on state rankings of dairy herds, which states have shown dramatic increases in production?
- Idaho and New Mexico
- First calf heifers are usually first to be milked during a milking session for what reason?
- First time milkers have lower possibility of mastitis
- A young female pig is called what?
- A gilt
- Swine were first domesticated from wild bigs found in which region of the world?
- Southeast Asia
- When will a sow show signs of heat?
- 4-5 months of age
- In normal swine management, weaning of piglets occurs how long after a sow farrows?
- 2-5 weeks
- The 1890\'s through the 1920\'s in the US was considered the Golden Age of horses...Why?
- The population of horses was highest at that time
- When considering horses, which of the following is considered a color breed?
- Pinto, Appaloosa, Palomino
- What is the origin of the horses use by the Indian tribes of the North American West?
- Feral horses brought from Spain by the Spanish explorers
- What is boar taint?
- Off smelling meat from processing intact male hogs
- For efficient breeding of dairy cows, breeding should occur at what point?
- 2 to 3 weeks after parturition
- Which management methods could make a traditional animal product into a non-traditional animal product?
- Organic production, Free range production and Kosher processing methods
- Which of the following species that we have discussed has the highest normal fecundity?
- Swine
- During the lactation cycle, what happens to the body weight of the dairy cow?
- Declines early and increases late in the cycle
-
Which of the following is NOT used to class a product or species as \"Non-traditional\":
Low production numbers?
Original supply was wild caught?
High price?
Low acceptance by the average consumer?
- High price
- In which two species do producers routinely dock tails?
- Sheep and Swine
- The bulk of rabbit consumption is found in what region?
- Europe
- In aquaculture, what is Double Cropping management?
- Two different species are raised in the same facilities simultaneously
-
Male accessory sex glands include all but:
Prostate gland?
Ampulla?
Cowper\'s gland?
Vas deferens? - Ampulla
- The oviduct functions as what?
- Site of fertilization
- What is an ectopic pregnancy?
- A site where embryonic development is not supposed to occur
- What types of the uterus did we discuss in class?
- Duplex, bicornuate, simplex, bipartite
- What hormone makes the cervix remain closed during pregnancy?
- Prosgesterone
-
The uterus functions for all BUT...
The site of the majority of embryonic development?
Placental development?
Hormone production?
Sperm cell transport?
- Hormone production
-
Which of the following is lacking in avian male reproductive anatomy compared to the mammal?
Testes?
Vas deferens?
Prostate gland?
Epididimus?
- Epididimus
- Roughages are what?
- Moderate to low in energy and digestibility
- Dietary carbohydrates must be converted to what for them to be absorbed by monogastric?
- Monosaccharides
-
In the calculation to determine metabolizable energy, which of the following is subtracted from goss energy:
Heat?
Eggs?
Body tissue?
Feces?
- Feces
- When an amino acid or fatty acid are said to be Non-Essential, that means they are what?
- Not needed in the diet, required by the organism for normal function, and are synthesized during metabolism.
- When ruminants chew cud, they are actually doing what?
- Making the particle size smaller so microbes can break down the cellulose
- During most of the cell cycle of an intestinal lining cell, the DNA does what?
- Condenses in the form of chromosomes
- Which vitamin was considered the \"Animal Manure Factor\" before it was discovered as a vitamin?
- Vitamin B12
- Which common vitamin is NOT required in the diet of livestock?
- Vitamin C
- Animal clones have become a possible, but rare, method of reproduction in livestock. What was the method of cloning that we discussed in class?
- Using the nucleus of a somatic cell to substitute for the sperm cell
- In birds, which parent will determine the sex of it\'s offspring?
- The parent that has the homogametic sex
- What cellular process allows for maintaining of the chromosome dumber in an animal specie from one generation to the next?
- Mitosis
- What is the function of the scrotum?
- Protection and thermoregulation of the testis
- What happens when alleles of a trait are co-dominant?
- The heterozygous individual expresses both traits
- What happens when the allele of a trait is incompletely dominant?
- The heterozygous individual is intermediate between the recessive and dominant
- Gregor Mendel was the first to understand the science of genetics. Working with pea planst, he developed what two fundamental laws of genetics?
- Law of Segregation and Independent Assortment
- William Bateson, working in about 1902, found that Mendel\'s laws applied to animals by studying which species?
- Mice
- Most of the genetic material in livestock is found in what structure?
- Cell nucleus
- What is a gene?
- A section of DNA
- Normal genes have how many copies in each individual?
- Two
- Sex-linked genes have how many copies in each heterogametic individual?
- One
-
Normally, chromosomes are found in:
Pairs?
Triplets?
Groups?
Double-pairs? - Pairs
- What is the amount of genetic material found in a sperm cell?
- Half the amount found in a stomach lining cell
- Single gene traits are those that are what?
- Either obviously present or not
- In the genetic relationship called complete dominance, the offspring that are heterozygous will appear how?
- The same as the dominant case
- Chromosomes become visible when?
- When cells are dividing
- Genetic traits are considered \"quantitative\" when?
- The traits are variable in the population
- Name a layer that surrounds the oocyte?
- Zona pellucida
- Into how many sections are spermatozoa divided?
- 3: Head, mid piece and tail
- A blastocyst hatches at about when?
- 10 days
- What does the acid detergent fiber process measure?
- Cellulose and lignin
- What does Kjeldahl measure?
- Crude protein
- You can use the Pearson Square to balance a ration for what?
- Protein
- Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) is a measure of what?
- Energy
- When crossing two individuals that are both homozygous for a particular allele, that trait will be expressed in what?
- All of the offspring from that pair
- Heterosis is a genetic effect that occurs following what?
- Crossing different genetic lines
- Chromosome number in animals is determined by what?
- Amount of DNA in each cell
-
When considering \"essential\" and \"non-essential\" amino acids in monogastric diets, which of the following is true concerning the ESSENTIAL amino acids:
They are not a required nutrient?
They are not required in the diet?
They are needed only - They are required in the diet
-
Which vitamin listed below is considered water soluble:
Vitamin A?
Vitamin D?
Vitamin B12?
Vitamin K? - Vitamin B12
- Which nutrient is the most important?
- Water
- In a horse\'s digestive tract, cellulose is broken down in which section?
- Large intestine
- Based on their nutrition strategy, cattle are what?
- Herbivores