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Child Development 1st exam pt. 2

Terms

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The human genetic code, transmitted at the moment of conception, is stored in our genes and is composed of specific sequences of _____.
DNA
_____ twins are genetically identical and come from the same zygote.
monozygotic
a _____ is the underlying combination of genetic material present (but outwardly invisible) in an organism, while a phenotype is the observable trait.
genotype
Mapping the gene sequence has provided support for the field of _____ genetics, which studies the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics.
behavioral
_____ counseling focuses on helping people deal with issues related to inherited disorders.
Genetic
examples of inherited disorders are _____ syndrome, once referred to mongolism: fragile x syndrome; sickle-cell anemia; and Tay-Sachs disease.
down
for women who are already pregnant, the health of the unborn child can be assessed using _____, chorionic villus sampling, or ultrasound sonography.
amniocentesis
When sperm enter the vagina, they travel through the cervix and into the fallopian tube where ____ may take place
fertilization
a _____ occurs when pregnancy ends before the developing child is able to survive outside the mother's womb.
miscarriage
an environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect is called a _____
teratogen
About 266 days after conception, _____ - _____ _____ triggers the process that leads to birth.
corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)
The ____ scale is a standard measurement system designed to assess five basic qualities in a newborn: appearance (color), pulse (heart rate), grimace (reflex irritability), activity (muscle tone), and respiration (respiratory effect)
apgar
During delivery, a restriction of oxygen, known as _____ can only last a few minutes but can produce long-term cognitive deficits.
anoxia
Preterm infants, or premature infants, are born prior to ___ weeks after conception
38
____ - ______ - _____ infants weigh less than 1250 grams (around 2 1/4 pounds) or have been int he womb less than 30 weeks
very-low-birthweight
In a ____ delivery, the baby is surgically removed form the uterus, rather than traveling through the birth canal.
cesarean (c-section)
symptoms of ___ ___ include an enduring, deep feeling of sadness and unhappiness following the birth of a child.
postpartum depression
Infants learn through both classical and _____ conditioning
operant
the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus is called _____.
habituation
the ability to ____ others' behavior and facial expressions provides the newborn with an important foundation for social interaction later in life.
imitate
Newborns cycle through various ___, different degrees of sleep and wakefulness, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation.
state of arousal
gametes
the sex cells from the mother and father that form a new cell at conception
zygote
the new cell formed by the process of fertilization
genes
the basic unit of genetic information
DNA
the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function
chromosomes
rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs
Monozygotic twins
twins who are genetically identical
dizygotic twins
twins who are produced when tow separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly at the same time
dominant trait
the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present
recessive trait
a trait within an organism that is present, but not expressed
genotype
the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in the organism
phenotype
an observable trait; the trait that actually is seen
homozygous
inheriting from parents similar genes for a given trait
heterozygous
inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait
polygenic inheritance
inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait
X-linked genes
genes that are considered recessive and located only on the X chromosome
behavioral genetics
the study of the effects of heredity on behavior
Down syndrome
a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair; once referred to as mongolism
Fragile X syndrome
a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome producing mild to moderate mental retardation
sickle-cell anemia
a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells in those who have it
Tay-Sachs disease
a disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment
klinefelter's syndrome
a disorder resulting from the presence of an extra x chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts
genetic counseling
the discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders
ultrasound sonography
a process in which high frequency sound waves scan the mother's womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed.
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
A text used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo
Amniocentesis
the process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by the needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus
temperament
patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual
Multifactorial transmission
the determination of traits by a combination of genetic and environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed
fertilization
the process by which a sperm and an ovum - the male and female gametes - join to form a single new cell
germinal stage
the first, and shortest, stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first two weeks following conception
placenta
a conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord
embryonic stage
the period from two to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems
fetal stage
the stage that beings at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth
fetus
a developing child, from 8 weeks after conception until birth
infertility
the inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant
artificial insemination
a process of fertilization in which a man's sperm is placed directly into a women's vagina by a physician
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
a procedure in which a woman's ova are removed from her ovaries, and a man's sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory
teratogen
a factor that produces a birth defect
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
a disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child
Fetal alcohol effect (FAE)
a condition in which children display some, although not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
neonate
the term used for newborns
episiotomy
an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass
apgar scale
a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns
anoxia
a restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, which can produce brain damage
bonding
close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period immediately following birth, argued by some to affect later relationship strength
preterm infants
infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception (premature)
Low-Birthweight infants
infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams (around 5 1/2 pounds) at birth
small-for-gestational-age-infants
infants who, because of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90% (or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age
very-low-birthweight infants
infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams (around 2 1/4 pounds) or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb fewer than 30 weeks.
postmature infants
infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mother's due date
cesarean delivery
a birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling through the birth canal
fetal monitor
a device that measures the baby's heartbeat during labor
still birth
the delivery of a child who is not alive, occurs in fewer than 1 delivery in 100
infant mortality
death within the first year of life
reflexes
unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response
operant conditioning
a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences
habituation
the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus
states of arousal
different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation

Deck Info

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ElenaMatthews

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