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Physiology Topics and Vocabulary from Chapters 7, 8, 10, 11 of Essentials of Hum

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2 Components of Structural Classification for the Nervous System
Central nervous system + Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS) consists of: (2)
brain + spinal cord
What does the CNS do?
Interpret incomy sensory information and issue instructions based on past experience and current conditions.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of: (2)
Spinal nerves + cranial nerves
2 Components of Functional Classification of the Nervous System
sensory/afferent division + motor/efferent division
consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the CNS from the sensory receptors located in various parts of the body
sensory/afferent division
Carries impulses from CNS to effector organs, muscles, and glands
motor/efferent division
2 subdivisions of the motor division
somatic + autonomic
somatic nervous system
voluntary movement/control + skeletal muscle reflexes
autonomic nervous system
regulates events that are automatic/involuntary ie; activity of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
2 subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Supporting cells in the CNS that are like "nerve glue."
neuroglia
5 types of glial cells in the CNS
Astrocyte
microglial cell
ependymal cells
oligodendrocyte
sensory neuron w/ Schwann cells and satellite cells
abundant star-shaped cells that account for nearly half of the neural tissue w/ swollen ends that cling to neurons. _____ form a living barrier between capillaries and neurons and play a role in making exchanges between the two; protect neurons from harm
astrocytes
spiderlike phagocytes that dispose of debris, including dead brain cells and bacteria
microglia
line the cavaties of the brain and the spinal cord. the beating of their cilia helps to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid that fills those cavaties and forms a protective cushion around the CNS.
ependymal cells
glia that wrap their flat extensions tightly around the nerve fibers, producing fatty insulating coverings called myelin sheaths; not able to transmit impulses
oligodendrocytes
2 types of glial cells in the PNS
Schwann cells
satellite cells
glial cells that form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS
Schwann cells
glial cells that act as protective, cushioning cells.
satellite cells
nueron processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body
dendrites
Neuron processes that convey incoming messages away from the cell body
axons
conelike region of the cell body
axon hillock
Part of the Schwann cell that is external to the myelin sheath
neurilemma
gaps between Schwann cells
nodes of Ranvier
unlike Schwann cells, oliogodendrocytes don't have ____.
neurilemma
1 difference between oliogodendrocytes and Schwann cells
oliogodendrocytes can cover up to 60 different fibers at the same time
neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors
sensory/afferent neurons
sensory receptors in the skin are called ____ whereas sensory receptors in muscles and tendons are called ____.
cutaneous sense organs, proprioceptors
The pain receptors (actually ____ dendrite endings) are the ____ specialized of the cutaneous receptors.
bare; least
Strong stimulation of any of the cutaneous receptros is also interpreted as ____.
pain
The proprioceptors detect the amount of ____ or ____ in skeletal muscles, their tendons, and their joints.
stretch; tension
Neurons carrying impulses from the CNS to the viscera and/or muscles and glands.
motor/efferent neurons
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are always found in a ____ outside the CNS.
ganglion
The cell bodies of motor neurons are always located in the ____.
CNS
____ connect the motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways. Their cell bodies are always located in the CNS.
association neurons or interneurons
If there are several processes extending from the cell body, the neuron is a ____.
multipolar neuron
____ is the most common neuron structural type.
multipolar neruon
Neurons with two processes - an axon and a dendrite - are called ____.
bipolar neurons
____ are rare in adults and are found in only some special sense organs like the eyes and nose.
bipolar neurons
____ have a single process emerging from the cell body. However, it is very short and divides almost immediately into proximal and distal processes.
Unipolar neurons
Sensory neurons found in PNS ganglia are ____.
unipolar
The plasma of a resting, or inactive, neuron is ____.
polarized
The major positive ions inside the neuron cell are ____.
potassium (K+)
The major positive ions outside the neuron cell are ___.
sodium (Na+)
This inward rush of sodium ions changes the polarity of the neuron's membrane at a site.
depolarization
The ____ or nerve impulse is an ____ response.
action potential; all-or-none
This outflow of positive ions from the cell restores the electrical conditions at the membrane to the poloarized, or resting, state.
repolarization
Until ____ occurs, a neuron cannot conduct another impulse.
repolarization
The sodium-potassium pump uses ____ to pump excess sodium ions out of the cell and to bring potassium ions back into it.
ATP
Fibers that have ____ conduct impulses much faster.
myelin sheaths
sedatives and anesthetics block nerve impulses by altering ____.
membrane permeability
____ are rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli.
Reflexes
____ reflexes include all reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles.
somatic
____ reflexes regulate the activity of smooth muscles, the heart, and glands.
autonomic
____ reflexes regulate such body functions as digestion, elimination, blood pressure, and sweating
autonomic
The entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres exhibits elevated ridges of tissue called ____, separated by shallow grooves called ____. Less numerous are the deeper grooves called ____.
gyri; sulci; fissures
4 cranial lobes
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
The somatic sensory area is located in the ____ lobe posterior to the central sulcus.
parietal
The ____ that allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles is anterior to the central sulcus in the ____ lobe.
primary motor area; frontal
____ is a specialezed area that is very involved in our ability to speak.
Broca's area
Areas involved in ____ and ____ are believed to be in the ____ part of the ____ lobes.
higher intellectual reasoning; socially acceptable behavior; anterior; frontal
Complex memories appear to be stored in the ____ and ____ lobes.
temporal; frontal
The ____ is located at the junction of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes.
speech area
The cell bodies of neurons involved in the cerebral hemisphere functions are found only in the outermost ____ of the cerebrum, the ____.
gray matter; cerebral cortex
Most of the remaining cerebral hemisphere tissue - the deeper cerebral ____ - is composed of fiber tracts carrying impulses to or from the cortex.
white matter
One very large fiber tract, the ____, connects the cerebral hemispheres.
corpus callosum
Isolated spots of gray matter, called ____, help regulate voluntary motor activities by modifying instructions sent to the skeletal muscles by the primary motor cortex.
basal ganglia
The ____ sits atop the brain stem and is enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres.
diencephalon
Major structures of the diencephalon (3)
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
The ____, which encloses the shallow third ventricle of the brain, is a relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the sensory cortex.
thalamus
As impulses surge through the ____, we have a crude recognition of whether the sensation we are about to have is pleasant or unpleasant.
thalamus
The ____ makes up the floor of the diencephalon and is an important autonomic nervous system center b/c it plays a role in the regulation of body temperature, water balance, and metabolism. It is also the center for many drives and emotions and an import
hypothalamus
Thirst, appetite, sex, pain, and pleasure centers are in the ____.
hypothalamus
The ____ hangs from the anterior floor of the hypothalamus by a slender stalk.
pituitary gland
The ____, reflex centers involved in olfaction, bulge from the floor of the hypothalamus posterior to the pituitary gland.
mammillary bodies
The ____ forms the roof of the third ventricle. Important parts are the pineal body and the choroid plexus of the third ventricle.
epithalamus
The ____ consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
brain stem
The ____ extends from the mammillary bodies to the pons inferiorly.
midbrain
The ____ is a tiny canal that travels through the midbrain and connects the third ventricle of the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle below.
cerebral aquaduct
The ____ is the rounded structure that protrudes just below the midbrain and it has important nuclei involved in the control of breathing.
pons
The ____ is the most inferior part of the brain stem and it merges into the spinal cord below without any obvious change in structure. It is an important fiber tract area. It contains many nuclei that regulate vital visceral activities. It contains vente
medulla oblongata
Extending the entire length of the brain stem is a diffuse mass of gray matter, the ____, the neurons of which are involved in motor control of the visceral organs.
reticular formation
The large, cauliflowerlike ____ projects dorsally from under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. It has two hemispheres and a convoluted surface.
cerebellum
The ____ provides the precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls our balance and equilibrium. This makes movements smooth and coordinated.
cerebellum
Three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting the CNS structures are ____.
meninges
The outermost layer of the meninges is called ____ and is a double-layered membrane where it surroundes the brain.
dura mater
____
/
dura mater
\
____
periosteum


meningeal layer
The middle meningeal layer is the weblike ____.
arachnoid mater
The innermost membrane is called the ____ which clings to the surface of the brain.
pia mater
____ is a watery "broth" similar in its makeup to blood plasma, from which it forms. However, it contains less protein, more vitamin C, and its ion composition is different.
Cerebrospinal fluid
The ____ is composed of the least permeable capillaries in the body in order to protect the brain's nerves from substances in the blood.
blood-brain barrier
A ____ is a bundle of neuron fibers found outside the CNS.
nerve
Fiber bundles, or ____ are bound together by a tough fibrous sheath, the ____, to form the cordlike nerve.
fascicles, epineurium
Name the 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal
CN: carries impulses for the sense of smell
olfactory
CN: carries impulses for vision
optic
CN: supplies motor fibers to four of the six muscles that direct the eyeball; to the eyelid; and to the internal eye muscles controlling lens shape and pupil size
oculomotor
CN: supplies motor fibers for one external eye muscle
trochlear
CN: conducts sensory impulses from the skin of the face and mucosa of the nose and mouth; also contains motor fibers that activate teh chewing muscles
trigeminal
CN: supplies motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscle, which rolls the eye laterally
abducens
CN: activates the muscles of facial expression and the lacrimal and salivary glands; carries sensory impulses from the taste buds of anterior tongue
facial
CN: transmits impuses for the sense of balance, and transmits impulses for the sense of hearing
vestibulocochlear
CN: supplies motor fibers to the pharynx that promote swallowing and saliva production; carries sensory impulses from taste buds of the posterior tongue and from pressure receptors of the carotid artery
glossopharyngeal
CN: fibers carry sensory impulses from and motor impulses to the pharynx, larynx, and the abdominal and thoracic viscera; most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers that promote digestive activity and help regulate heart activity
vagus
CN: mostly motor fibers that activate the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
accessory
CN: motor fibers control tongue movements; sensory fibers carry impulses from the tongue
hypoglossal
____ produce an oily secretion that lubricates the eye.
Tarsal glands
A delicate membrane, the ____, lines the eyelids and covers part of the outer surface of the eyeball. It also secretes mucus which helps to lubricate the eyeball and keep it moist.
conjunctiva
The ____ are located above the lateral end of each eye. They continually release a dilute salt solution (tears) onto the anterior surface of the eyeball through several small ducts.
lacrimal glands
The eyeball has a wall composed of three ____, or coats, and its interior is filled with fluids called ____ that help maintain its shape.
tunics, humors
The outermost tunic, the protective ____ is thick, white connective tissue.
sclera
The transparent "window" of the eye is the ____ through which light enters the eye.
cornea
The ____ is the only tissue of the body that can be transplanted from one person to another without the worry of rejection.
cornea
The ____ tunic is composed of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris
vascular
The ____ is a blood-rich tunic that contains a dark pigment in order to keep light from scattering inside the eye.
choroid
The choroid is modified to form two smooth muscle structures, the ____, to which the ____ is attached by a suspensory ligament called the ____.
ciliary body; lens; ciliary zonule
The pigmented ____ has a rounded opening, the ____, through which light passes.
iris; pupil
The innermost sensory tunic of the eye is the delicate white ____, which extends anteriorly only to the ciliary body.
retina
The retina contains millions of receptor cells, the ____ and ____ which are called photoreceptors because they respond to light.
rods; cones
Lateral to each blind spot is the ____, a tiny pit that contains only cones.
fovea centralis
Cones respond to ____, ____, and ____ light.
red, green, blue
When all three cone types are being stimulated, we see ____.
white
The lens divides the eye into two chambers: the anterior segment, anterior to the lens, contains a clear watery fluid called ____ and the posterior segment, posterior to the lens, is filled with a gel-like substance called ____.
aqueous humor; vitreous humor
____ helps precent the eyeball from collapsing inward.
vitreous humor
____ is similar to blood plasma and is continually secreted by a special area of the choroid.
aqueous humor
Aqueous humor is reabsorbed into the venous blood through the ____, which is located at the junction of the sclera and cornea.
scleral venous sinus
The ____ the lens convexity, the more it bends the light whereas the ____ the lens, the less it bends light.
greater; flatter
The ability of the eye to focus specifically for close objects is called ____.
accommodation
At the ____ the fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side.
optic chiasma
The external muscles of the eye are responsible for ____, which is a reflexive movement of the eyes medially when we view close objects.
convergence
When the eyes are suddenly exposed to bright light, the pupils immediately constrict; this is the ____.
photopupillary reflex
The pupils constrict refelxively when we view close objects; this ____ provides for more acute vision.
accommodation pupillary reflex
The outer ear is composed ot the pinna, or ____, is what most people call the "ear" - the shell-shaped structure surrounding the auditory canal opening.
auricle
The ____ is a short, narrow chamber carved into the temporal bone of the skull.
external acoustic meatus
Sound waves entering the external auditory canal eventually hit the ____, or eardrum, and cause it to vibrate.
tympanic membrane
The middle ear, or ____, is a small, air-filled cavity within the temporal bone.
tympanic cavity
The auditory tube runs obliquely downward to link the middle ear cavity with the ____.
throat
The tympanic cavity is spanned by the three smallest bones in the body, the ____, which transmit the vibratory motion of the eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear.
ossicles
The three ossicles:
hammer (malleus)
anvil (incus)
stirrup (stapes)
The inner ear is a maze of bony chambers called the ____, or bony, labyrinth, located deep within the temporal bone, and just behind the eye socket.
osseous
The 3 subdivisions of the bony labyrinth
cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals
The bony labyrinth is filled with a plasmalike fluid called ____.
perilymph
Suspended in the perilymph is a ____, a system of membrane sacs that more or less follows the shape of the bony labyrinth.
membranous labyrinth
The membranous labyrinth contains a thick fluid called ____.
endolymph

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