Unit 9: Body Systems
Terms
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- dendrites
- recieves info from other neurons
- schwann cells
- make myelin
- myelin sheath
- insulates axon, allows impulse to travel faster
- axon
- conducts impulse
- nucleus
- controls neuron
- nodes of ranvier
- gaps of exposed axon impulses jumps node to node
- axom terminals
- nerve impulse leaves from here
- Resting Potential
- -, sodium channels are closed, potassium channels are open
- action potential
- +, sodium channels are open, potassium channels are closed
- threshold
- the minimum level of stimulus to achieve neurons impulse
- sensory neurons
- carry impulses from sensory organs to brain/spinal cord
- motor neurons
- carry impuses from muscles/glands to brain/spinal cord
- interneurons
- connect sensory/motor neurons, and transmit impulses
- Synapse/neurotransmission
- vesciles holding neurotransmitters bind to cell membrane, Nts diffuse across CM into synaptic cleft, NTs bind to receptor proteins/pass on signal, NTs are released and go back thru transporters, wait for process to repeat itself.
- Neurotransmitters
- messenger molecules
- Nervous system
- controls/coordinates fncts thruout the body, responds to in/external stimuli
- endocrine system
- made of glands that release products into bloodstream to deliver messages to the body
- homeostasis
- maintaining a steady internal environment
- hormones
- cheminals that relay messages and affect activites in a certain part of the body
- target cells
- cells that havve receptors for a specific hormone
- how is the endocrine system controlled?
- feedback mechanism,
- complementary hormone action
- hormones having opposite effects
- 3 glands
- ovaries (release eggs/estrogen), testis (store sperm/testosterone), pituitary (regulate endocrine system and growth)
- Excretory system
- removes waste from body
- renal arteries
- bring blood from heart to kidney
- renal veins
- bring blood from kidney to heart
- kidneys
- filter waste out of blood
- ureters
- drainage tubes connecting kidney to bladder
- bladder
- stores liquid waste
- urethra
- opening for urine
- kidney units
- nephron, bowman\'s capsule (glomerulus)
- Path of excretory waste
- arteries, renal arteries, uteters, bladder, urethra
- digestive system
- change food thru chemical/mechanical action, into sources the body can use
- tongue
- moves food around
- salivary glands
- secrete liquid/enzyme (analase) to convert starch to sugars
- esophagus
- connects mouth to stomach
- stomach
- stores food while enzymes breake down macromolecules, uses mech/chem digestion
- pancreas
- secretes digestive enzymes, releases sodium bicarbonate (pH)and regulates blood/glucose levels
- small intestine
- nutrient absorbtion
- large intestine
- aka colon, absorbs excess water, holds waste
- anus
- opening for solid waste
- liver
- produces bile for fat digestion
- Gall Bladder
- stores bile
- duodenum
- 1st 10-12 inches of small intestine, most digestion/nutrient absorbtion occurs
- appendix
- no human fnct, fat digestion
- rectum
- stores waste
- villi
- line small intestine
- Respiratory system
- exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood, air, and tissues
- control of respiratory system?
- medulla oblongata
- epiglottis
- skin, covers larynx, blocks food
- inhalation
- chest cavity is low pressure
- exhalation
- chest cavity is hi pressure
- pathway of food
- mouth/tongue/salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, deodenum, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
- pathway of air
- pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, aveoli
- capillaries
- wrap around aveoli, oxygen diffuses into blood vessels
- pathway of blood through heart
- superior/inferior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulminary arteries,lungs, pulminary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body
- nonspecific defense
- general barrier, skin, mucus, sweat
- body\'s most important defense
- skin
- specific defenses
- cells that target specific pathogens
- inflammatory response
- body produces white blood cells to fight infection
- immune response
- antigens trigger the release of specific defenses
- Central nercous system
- brain/spinal cord
- Cerebrum
- big wrinkly, voluntary actions (learning, judgement)
- cerebellum
- small wrinkly, balance/coordination
- brain stem
- connects brain/spinal cord, pons/medulla oblongata regulate flow of info in/out of brain, heart rate, breathing, blood pressure.
- thalumus
- relay sensory info to correct part of brain
- hypothalamus
- controls feeling of hunger, thirst, anger, nervous/endocrine sys.
- brain
- relays messages, processes and analyzes info
- spinal cord
- communicates between body/brain
- antigens vs antibodies
- antigens enter the body, and trigger the release of antibodies, which destory antigens