Biological Bases of Behavior 2
Terms
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- Central Nervous
- Consists of Brain and Spinal Cord
- Peripheral Nervous
- Lies outside the midline portion of your nervous system, carrying sensory info to and motor info away from the central nervous via spinal/cranial nerves
- Somatic Nervous
- Has motor neurons that stimulate skeletal (voluntary) muscle
- Autonomic Nervous
- Has motor neutrons that stimulate smooth (involuntary) and heart muscle
- Sympathetic Nervous
- Stimulation results in responses that help your body deal with stressful events Ex. Dilation of pupils/increased heart rate
- Parasympathetic Nervous
- Stimulation calms your body after sympathetic stimulation. Ex. Restores digestive processes, returning pupils to normal
- Spinal Cord
- Protected by meninges and spinal column.Starts at base of the back up to base of skull, where it joins the brain; Made up of interneurons and glial cells, bathed in cerebrospinal fluid excreted by glial cells
- Brain
- Covered by meninges and protected by the skull.
- Reptilian brain
- Medulla, pons, cerebellum; Maintains homeostasis and instinctive behaviors
- Old mammalian brain
- Septum, hippocampus, amygdale, cingulated cortex, hypothalamus, thalmus; Controls emotional behavior, important to memory and vision.
- New mammalian brain (Neocortex)
- Cerebral Cortex (80%) of brain; Associated with judgement
- Medulla Oblongata
- Where most fibers cross; Results in contralateral control, regulates heart rhythm, blood flow, breathing rate, etc
- Pons
- Includes portion of reticular activating system, critical for arousal, Bridge between hemispheres
- Cerebellum
- Coordinates motor function integrating motion and positional info from the inner ear and muscles
- Thalamus
- Relay “station†for sensory pathways carrying vision, auditory, taste, somatosensory info
- Hypothalamus
- Controls autonomic functions such as body temperature/heart rate, Sets emotions and feelings, Helps biological rhythms
- Amygdala
- Influences aggression/fear, important in formation of sensory memory
- Hippocampus
- Enables formation of long term memory
- Cerebral Cortex
- Receives and processes sensory info and directs movement; Center for higher processes (planning judging, thinking)
- Occipital Lobes
- Info from visual field in processed in opposite sides
- Parietal Lobes
- Somatosensory cortex (for touch sensations), contralateral representation of all body parts
- Frontal Lobes
- Initiates movements and integrates activities of skeletal muscles (contralateral)Broca’s Area in left side controls speech
- Temporal Lobes
- Center for hearing, used for understanding music/tonality, smell is processedWernicke’s Area in left understand language and making meaningful sentences
- Plasticity
- If one region of the brain is damaged, it can reorganize to take of its function
- Glial Cells
- Guide growth of developing neutrons, helps provide nutrition and gets rid of wastes of neurons, provides insulating sheath around neurons
- Neuron
- Receive info, process info, and transit it to the rest of the body
- Cell Body
- Directs synthesis of such substances as neurotransmitters.
- Dendrites
- Capable of receiving info
- Axon
- Emerges from dendrite, which branches are called terminal buttons, and is covered by an insulating myelin sheath
- Neurotransmitters
- Chemicals stored in the structure of the terminal buttons called synaptic vesicles