GRIFFIN TECH A&P AHS 101 CHP 3 CELLS (copy)
Terms
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- The process that uses a carrier to move across the plasma membrane AGAINST the concentration gradient, needs ATP?
- Active Transport
- The use of hydrostatic force to move fluids through a membrane?
- Filtration
- The process that uses a carrier to move material across the plasma membrane in the DIRECTION of the concentration gradient. (no ATP)?
- Facilitated Diffusion
- A special form of diffusion that applies only to water?
- Osmosis
- The spread of molecules throughout an area?
- Diffusion
- The process by which a cell takes in large particles?
- Endocytosis
- Term for a solution with a salt concentration equal to 0.9%?
- Isotonic (normal) IV
- Term for a solution that is more concentrated than the fluid within a cell?
- Hypertonic
- A structure that assembles ribosomes?
- Nucleolous
- A structure that assembles amino acids into proteins?
- Ribosomes
- A set of membranes involved in packaging proteins for export?
- Golgi Apparatus
- A small sac-like structure used to transport substances within the cell?
- Vesicle
- A membraneous organelle that generates ATP?
- Mitochondrion
- A small sac-like structure that degrades waste products?
- Lysosomes
- The site of DNA storage?
- Nucleous
- The process by which an mRNA is sythensized from the DNA?
- Transcription
- A building block of DNA and RNA?
- Nucleotide
- An important component of ribosomes?
- rRNA (ribosonal RNA)
- The structure that carries amino acids to the ribosome?
- tRNA (transfer RNA)
- The nucleic acid that carries information from the nucleus to the ribosomes?
- mRNA (messenger RNA)
- The chromosomes become visible during this phase?
- Prophase
- A substance that strengthens the plasma membrane?
- Cholesterol
- The substance that makes up the bulk of the plasma membrane?
- Pospholipids
- The phase of mitosis when chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell?
- Metaphase
- DNA synthesis occurs during this phase?
- Interphase
- The chromosomes are being pulled apart in this phase?
- Anaphase (ana-away, apart)
- Organelles that consist of a series of membranes studded with ribosomes?
- Rough endoplasmic reticulumn (ER)
- A natural part of growth and remodeling involves the process of programmed cell death known as?
- Apoptosis
- Active transport requires energy (ATP) and transporters/T/F
- True
- The stage of mitosis during which the DNA condenses into visible chormosomes?
- Prophase
- Large proteins can be secreted from the cell using the process of?
- Exocytosis (exo=out)
-
All of the following substances are constituents of the plasma membrane except?
proteins, DNA, carbs, phospholipids. - DNA (part of the nucleous and ribosomes)
- A membrane protein that permits the passage of specific substances is called?
- Channel
- The type of light microscope in use today?
- Compound light
- The plasma membrane contains two kinds of lipids: cholesterol and________?
- Phospholipids
- In some cells the plasma membrane is folded outward into multiple small projections called?
- Microvilli
- The four bases found in DNA are A, C, G, and?
- T (thymine)
- The four bases found in RNA are A, C, G, and ?
- U (uracil)
- The assembly of amino acids into proteins is called?
- Translation (protein synthesis)
- When a red blood cell draws in water and bursts, it is said to undergo?
- Hemolysis
- When chromosomes duplicate during the period between mitosis?
- Interphase
- Transporters are used for the processes of active transport and?
- Facilitated diffusion
- Droplets of water and dissolved substances are brought into the cell by the process of?
- Pinocytosis (pino=drink)
- Bacteria are brought into the cell by the process of?
- Phagocytosis (phago=eat)
- A living cell (with a tonicity eq- 0.9% NaCl) is placed in a solution of 2% NaCl. The solution is?
- Hypertonic (more sodium concentration out side the cell causes crenation) Loses water. (Water follows salt)
- Glucose is moving into a cell, down the concentration gradient, using a carrier protein. Glucose is traveling by transport or?
- Facilitated (does not require energy ATP)
- The organelle responsible for the generating of ATP?
- Mitochondria (if mitochondria is damaged the cell dies)
- The best microscope to view a ribosome is the?
-
TEM (transmission electron)
1,000,000X Flat -
T/F
It is impossible to count individual chromosome during interphase? - True (because they are spread out in the cell)
- The small RNA containing bodies that synthesize proteins?
- Ribosomes
- Normal saline contains 0.9% salt, and is said to be?
- Isotonic (iso=equal)
- Special dyes used to see cells in a microscope are called?
- Stains
- The forcing of fluid through a membrane to rid it of unwanted debris?
- Filtration
- The division process of a cell is called?
- Mitosis
- During what stage of cell division does DNA condense into chromosomes?
- Prophase
- During what phase are chromosomes seen through a microscope?
- Prophase
- What type of microscope is used to view mitochondria?
-
SEM (scanning electron)
3-D - The outer limit of the cell is the?
- Plasma membrane
- The main substance of the plasma membrane is double-layer of lipid containg (P) called the?
- Bilayer
- The plasma membrane is composed mainly of lipids and ?
- Proteins
- Short extensions of the cell membrane?
- microvilli
- Large, dark-staining organelle near the center of the cell, composed of DNA and proteins?
- Nucleus
- Colloidal suspension that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane (around nucleous) to the plasma membrane (lining of the cell)?
- Cytoplasm
- The fluid portion of the cytoplasm?
- Cytosol
- Network of membranes within the cytoplasm?
- ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum has________attached to it, making it grainy?
- Ribosomes
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has an absence of ________?
- Ribosomes
- Small bodies free in cytoplasm or attached to the ER, composed of RNA and protein?
- Ribosomes
- Large organelles with folded membranes inside?
- Mitochondria
- Layers of membranes?
- Golgi Apparatus
- Small sacs of digestive enzymes in the cell?
- Lysosomes
- Membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes in the cell?
- Peroxisomes
- Small membrane-bound bubbles in the cytoplasm?
- Vesicles
- Rod-shaped bodies (usually two) near the nucleus?
- Centrioles
- Short hair-like projection from the cell, help to move fluid around the cell?
- Cilia
- Long, whiplike extension from the cell? The human body only has one?
- Flagellum (sperm)
- Shuttle substances from one side of the membrane to the other?
- Transporters
- Points of attachment for material coming into the cell in the blood or tissue fluid?
- Receptors
- Participate in reactions occuring at the plasma membrane?
- Enzymes
- Give structure to the membrane and help attach cells to one another?
- Linkers
- Proteins unique to an individuals cells, Important in transplants?
- Cell Identity Markers
- A sugar that helps cells to recognize each other and stick together?
- Carbohydrates
- Microvilli are found in what part of the body?
- Lining of the small intestines, kidney.
- Means "little organs"?
- Organelles
- Often called the control center of the cell?
- Nucleus
- Threadlike units of heredity that are passed on from parents to their offspring?
- Chromosomes
- Govern all cellular activities?
- Chromosomes
- A small globule inside the nucleus?
- nucleolus
- What organelle is responsible for assembling ribosomes?
- nucleolus
- Cytosol is an example of what type of mixture?
- Colloidal
- Organelle that is responsible for the synthesis of lipids?
- Smooth ER
- The "power plants" of the cell?
- Mitochondria
- The organelle that removes waste and foreign matter in the cell?
- Lysosome
- Involved in destroying old and damaged cells?
- Lysosomes
- The organelle that has enzymes that destroy harmful substances produced in metabolism?
- Peroxisomes
- Small membrane-bound bubbles that can be used to move material into or out of the cell?
- Vesicles
- In this process the cell uses lysosomes to safely recycle cellular structures fusing with and digesting waron out organelles?
- Autophagy
- Engulf bacteria and the use lysosomes to destroy them?
- Phagocytes
- A normal part of cell life when the cells are no longer needed "self -destruct" by releasing lysosomal enzymes into their own cytoplasm?
- Autolysis
- Their most important function is to breakdown free radicals?
- Peroxisomes
- Organelles that help to organize and divide the cell contents during cell division?
- Centrioles
- Average cell size is ?
- 10 to 15 micrometers
- Multiple sub-units of chromosomes?
- Genes
- Sub-units of DNA and RNA?
- Nucleotides
- Nucleotides are composed of 4 units?
- Sugar (RNA), ribose (DNA), phospate unit, and nitrogen base
- Participates in protein synthesis, but is not part of the chromosome?
- RNA
- AGCT
- DNA
- AGCU
- RNA
- The location of DNA is in most of the?
- Nucleus
- The location of RNA is in most of the?
- cytoplasm
- Sugar: deoxyribose?
- DNA
- Sugar: ribose?
- RNA
- Double stranded helix formed by nucleotide pairing AT:GC?
- DNA
- Single strand?
- RNA
- Divided into genes that carry the nucleotide codes for the manufacture of proteins?
- DNA
- Manufactures proteins according to the nucleotide codes carried in the DNA?
- RNA
- Three types of of RNA nucleotide codes?
-
mRNA (messenger)
rRNA (ribosomal)
tRNA (transfer) - In DNA, nitrogen bases A (Adenine) always pairs with?
- T (thymine)
- In DNA, nitrogen bases G (Guanine) always pairs with?
- C (cytosine)
- Each nucleotide is comprised of three units?
-
phosphate unit
sugar unit
nitorgen base - DNA desciptive name?
- Double Helix
- In RNA Adenine (A) pairs with?
- U Uracil
- Before transcription begins, DNA breaks its weak bonds and uncoils into?
- Single Strands
- When a matching strand of RNA matches up with a strand of DNA?
- Nucleotide Pairing
- Leaves the nucleus and travels to a ribosome in the cytoplasm?
- mRNA
- The genetic messege contained within the mRNA is decoded to build amino acids into long chains that form proteins, a process termed?
- Translation
- With proteins makes up ribosomes, sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm?
- rRNA (ribosomal)
- Involved in the process of translating the involved message into a protein?
- rRNA
- Works with other forms of RNA to translate the gentic code into protein?
- tRNA (transfer)
- Carries an amino acid in each molecule that can be used to build a protein at the ribosome?
- tRNA
- Sex cells divide by the process?
- meiosis
- A process that cuts chormosome numbers in half to prepare for union of the egg and sperm in fetilization?
- meiosis
- Body cells or somatic cells divide by the process?
- mitosis
- In this process, each original parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells?
- mitosis
- Befor mitosis can occur, the gentic information (DNA) in the parent cell must be?
- Doubled (so that each of the two new daughter cells have a complete set of chormosomes)
- During mitosis, the human body must produce two cells with this # of chromosomes?
- 46
- DNA duplicates in this phase?
- Interphase
- The stage in the life cell between one mitosis and the next?
- Interphase
- During this phase DNA uncoils from its double-stranded form?
- Interphase
- During this phase DNA each strand takes on a matching strand of nucleotides according to AT:GC pairing?
- Interphase
- During interphase, DNA strands are held together in a region called?
- centromere
- In this phase, the double strands of DNA return to their tightly wound spiral organization?
- Prophase
- In this phase the chromosomes become visible under a microscope?
- Prophase
- In this phase a spindle shape structure made of thin fibers begins to form between the two centrioles?
- Prophase
- In this phase, the chromosomes line up across the center (equator) of the cell attached to the spindle fibers?
- Metaphase
- In this phase the centromere splits and the duplicated chromosomes separate and begin to move toward opposite ends?
- Anaphase
- In this phase a membrane forms around each group of separated chromosomes, forming two new nuclei?
- Telophase
- During this phase the plasma membrane pinches off to divide the cell?
- Telophase
- In skeletal muscle cells the cell does not divide following nuclear?
- Division (forms a single giant cell with multiple nuclei)
- During mitosis all the organelles needed for the division process temporarily?
- dissapear
- Immature cells that retain the ability to divide and mature when necessary are known as?
- Stem Cells
- Serves as a barrier between the cell and its environment?
- Plasma membrane
- Passible to some molecules but not passible to others?
- Semi-permeable (plasma membrane)
- _______size determins the passability of a substance through the membrane?
- Molecular
- The term that describes movement through the plasma membrane that does not require energy?
- Passive
-
T/F
Passive mechanism rely on internal or outside source of energy? - True
- Movement where substances spread throughout their available space until they reach equilibrium?
- Diffusion
- Particles that follow their concentration gradient from higher concentration to lower concentration?
- Diffusion
- Type of movement that applies specifically to the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane/
- Osmosis
- A measure of force driving osmosis is called?
- osmotic pressure (the tendency of a solution to drw water into it?
- Type of movement where the passage of water containing dissolved material is forced through a membrane as a result of mechanical (pushing) force on one side?
-
Filtration
(materials out of capillaries into tissues) - The movement of material across the plasma membrane, via a transporter, in the direction of the concentration gradient?
-
Facilitated Diffusion
(example:glucose) - Movement across the membrane that requires energy is descibed as?
- Active
- The bulk movement of material INTO the cell?
- Endocytosis
- Two examples of Endocytosis?
-
Phagocytosis (eat)(large particles engulfed)
pinocytosis (drink) (droplets of fluid) - Described when the cell moves material out in vesicles is?
-
Exocytosis
(neurotransmitters from neurons) - For a normal fluid balance to be maintained, the fluid outside the cell must have the same concentration of dissolved substances (solutes) as the ?
- Fluids inside the cell
- 0.9% is considered?
- Normal saline
- Solutions with concentrations equal to the concentration of the cytoplasm are described as?
-
isotonic
(tissue fluids and blood plasma) - A solution that is less concentrated than the intracellular fluid?
-
Hypotonic (draws in water)
(Red blood cells undergo hemolysis) - A solution that is more concentrated that the intracellular fluid?
-
Hypertonic (loses water)
(crenation) - Random movement of particles within the concentration gradient?
- Diffusion
- Movement of nutrients, electrolytes, gases, wastes and other soluble materials into and out of the cell?
- Diffusion
- Alterations of genes is known as?
- mutations
- A natural occurance in the process of cell division and is increased by exposure to harmful substances and radiation in the environment?
- Mutations
- 0.9% salt:5% dextrose
- Isotonic
- Less than 0.9% salt or 5% dextrose?
- Hypotonic
- Higher than 0.9% salt or 5% dextrose?
- hypertonic
- cyt/o
- cell
- micr/o
- small
- -some
- body
- chrom/o-
- color
- end/o-
- in, within
- lys/o-
- loosening, dissolving, separating
- inter-
- between
- pro-
- before, in front of
- meta-
- change
- tel/o-
- end
- phag/o
- to eat, ingest
- pino
- to drink
- ex/o-
- outside, out of, away from
- hypo-
- deficient, below, beneath
- hem/o
- blood
- hyper-
- above, over, excessive
- The basic unit of life?
- cell