Bio exam1
Terms
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- cell wall function (plants and fungi only(
- support and protection
- plasma membrane function
- define cell boundary; control movement of substances in/out of cell
- nucleus function
- store genetic information; make DNA and RNA
- nucleolus function
- form ribosomes
- chromatin function
- store genetic info
- ribosome function
- protein synthesis
- endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- produce/modify proteins and other substances; vesicle transport
- rough ER function
- protein synthesis
- smooth ER function
- producecs lipids in some cells, stores things for cells, and has no ribosomes.
- golgi apparatus function
- processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids
- vacuole and vesicle function
- storage of various substances
- lysosome function
- intracellular digestion
- peroxisome function
- various metabolic tasks
- mitochondria function
- cellular respiration
- cytoskeleton function
- shape of cell and movement of its parts
- cilia and flagella functions
- movement of cell
- cytoplasm function
- fills bulk of cells volme; supports cell
- centriole (animal cells only) function
- formation of basal bodies
- What is discovery science?
- Going out to observe something and describe it to think about scientifically
- What is inductive reasoning?
- "this is true here and here so it's probably true over there"
- hypothesis based science
- Come up with an idea and test it.
- What four elements are the most vital elements in our body?
- Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
- Important trace elements in our body (2)
- Iron, Iodine
- Molecules are
- two or more elements together but can be same element
- What do atoms look like?
- They have a nucleus with protons and neutrons in it with a cloud of electrons surrounding.
- A basic atom has same number of _ and _
- protons and neutron
- The mass of an atom is determined by the sum of the ___ and ___
- protons and neutrons
- Atomic number is
- number of protons in an element. How they are identified. Number of protons never changes.
- Isotopes are
- more neutrons than protons
- most elements besides hydrogen want to have this number of electrons in their outer shell
- 8
- a covalent bond is
- when electrons are being shared between atoms
- ionic bond is
- If an atom has only 1 electron in outer shell it gives it away to someone else in order to have 8. Then it becomes slightly positively charged and the other atom will be negatively charged. They will then stick together because opposite charges.
- hydrogen bond
- In H2O when oxygen wants more electrons than hydrogen it pulls and the electrons are closer to oxygen so slightly negative charge, and less around hydrogen so more positive then they stick together tighter!
- Polar molecules are
- Molecules with a slight charge; have surface tension
- What is unique about water?
- 1. it is polar 2. it has a high boiling point. 3. huge range to be liquid 4. Achieves sublimation 5. solid form is less dense than its liquid for
- Evaporative cooling is...and it is also known as...
- When water molecules break up and evaporate they take heat with them. why sweating is efficient. called sublimation.
- Two consequences of ice being denser than water.
- 1. Ponds only freeze on the top so aquatic life can survive 2. your pipes can burst in the winter since it expands.
- What is a solvent?
- Something that can dissolve stuff easily
- How does water dissolve salt?
- The positive charge surrounds Cl and the negative charge surrounds Na and literally rips them apart.
- When there is the same number of H as OH then the thing is...
- neutral. not overly basic or acidic.
- If there are extra hydrogens in a thing then
- it is acidic
- if there is extra OH in a thing then its
- Basic
- You could possibly turn something acidic by adding
- HCl - hydrochloric acid
- You can make something more basic by adding
- NaOH - sodium hydroxide.
- the pH scale numbers range is what?
- 1-14
- pure water is a pH of what?
- 7
- Each step down the pH scale is ___
- 10x more hydrogen ions
- What is particular about the pH of human blood?
- It is a pH of 7.4 and cannot tolerate pH changes at all.
- What is hydrofluoric acid? (HF)
- Will dissolve glass. Was used to make beakers back in the day.
- What is acid rain? and why is it so bad?
- When industry releases chemicals in air, reacts with water and rains with a pH of 3-5. Gets into the soil and dissolves away minerals for plants and they die.
- What is a reaction?
- When you take two chemical substances to get something else. Always the same number of atoms you started with.
- What are the different structural ways that molecules are drawn? (3)
- 1. structural (drawn on paper) 2. ball/stick (connex!) 3. spacefilling (looks like orbs)
- hydrocarbons are
- different numbers of hydrogen and carbons combined to create fuels/make energy
- What is dehydration?
- In order for two molecules to connect via carbon, the H of one and OH of another need to get out of the way. So H2O falls off of connection.
- What are functional groups?
- 1. Tells you how molecules will behave/their properties. Be able to add OH instead of just H to a carbon. Ex: determine male and female
- monomers are
- the fundamental units of functional groups
- The four basic fundamental molecules are
- carbohydrate,s proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
- what is important with protiens?
- that the right monomers in right sequence are put together to do their job right.
- isomers are
- when two things have the same formula but are different molecules!
- the monomer for carbohydrates is a
- monosaccharide
- The polymer for carbohydrates are
- polysaccharides
- glucose and fructose are
- monosaccharides and form sucrose
- sucrose is a
- disaccharide
- starch is consisted of
- many glucose monomers
- to store glucose from starch in the body the body uses
- glycogen
- cellulose is
- the active structure in plants.
- Lipids...(4)
- 1. are used for energy storage 2. help chemical signals in body 3. make up cell membranes/insulation 4. are very hydrophobic
- two kinds of lipid monomers are
- fatty acid and glycerol
- molecularly, lipids are a long chain of what?
- carbon and hydrogen. not much oxygen.
- unsaturated fats
- Do not have the maximum number of hydrogens possible connected.
- saturated fats
- have max number of hydrogens possibly connected.
- at room temperature unsaturated fats are in what form?
- liquid
- at room temperature saturated fats are in what form?
- solid
- trans. fat consists of what oil?
- partially hydrogenated vegetable oil
- trans fat is created from what?
- a chemical process to add more hydrogens unnaturally.
- because phospholipids have a charge on one side, what happens?
- one side wants to dissolve and the other doesn't.
- Phospholipids in water create what
- a cell membrane.
- steroids are
- chemical messengers to hormones in the body
- the monomer for proteins is
- amino acid
- the polymer for proteins is
- polypeptide
- protein does what
- gives us structure/muscle/color
- enzymes do what
- helps control all biological reactions in body. tells molecules how to hook together.
- how many amino acids are there?
- 20
- proteins are made up of...
- amino acids
- amino acids are made up of these things hooked to a carbon middle...(3)
- an amino group, carboxyl (acid), and a remainder that determines amino acids from each other.
- amino acids hooked together are bonded by what kind of bond?
- dipeptide bond
- Why do proteins look like blobs?
- Because the strings of amino acids all have negative charges so when connected they twist in different directions.
- All proteins have ___
- lysozomes
- what kind of bonds are formed with the twisting of protein blobs?
- hydrogen bonds
- what is the downside of protein blobs being put together with hydrogen bonds?
- theyre not that strong and in a high or low temp or acidic or basic area breaks and molecules get destroyed.
- what happens when a molecule is denatured?
- it no longer has its natural shape and is destroyed.
- primary structure of proteins is
- order of amino acids.
- secondary structure of protein is
- chains and patterns within proteins. they are repeatable and recognizable.
- tertiary structure of protein is
- the finalized product (blob polypeptide of a protein)
- DNA does what?
- tells how to make specific polypeptides to make useful protein in body.
- nucleic acid monomer is
- nucleotides
- nucleic acid polymers are
- DNA/RNA
- DNA and RNA have how many monomers each?
- 4
- Which monomers do DNA have?
- Cytosin, Adenind, Guanine, Thymine
- Which monomers do RNA have?
- Cytosin, Adenind, Guanine, Uracil
- What is the sugar in DNA called?
- deoxyribose
- What is the sugar in RNA called?
- Ribose
- Who discovered the structure of proteins?
- Linus Paulie
- max magnification on a microscope is
- 450x
- metric system is based on
- powers of 10
- basic unit of length in the metric system is
- the meter
- What are the two kinds of cells?
- prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- ALL cells have (2)
- 1. plasma membrane 2. ribosomes
- Ribosomes are...
- put proteins together after reading the DNA of how to.
- Prokaryotes consist of (5)
- 1. cell membrane 2. capsule 3. pili 4. bacterial chromosome 5. nucleoid
- The cell membrane in a prokaryote is
- inner layer of cell surrounded by cell wall, surrounded by capsule
- The nucleoid in a prokaryote is
- where the curled up chromosome sits
- eukaryotes have compartments in their cell which means they are
- membrane bound organelles
- The three things that plant cells have that animal cells dont are
- 1. chloroplast 2. central vacuoles 3. cell walls
- the nucleolis is
- a factory for making ribosomes in the nucleus
- the nucleus is surrounded by
- the nuclear membrane
- endoplasmic reticulum...
- surrounds nucleus.
- Rough ER is made up of
- ribosomes
- The Rough ER...
- sends proteins to the golgi apparatus
- the three membrane layers of chloroplast are
- 1. outer membrane 2. inner membrane 3. thylakoid membrane
- Thylakoid membrane is
- a membrane in chloroplast that houses stacks of granum.
- granum are covered in
- stroma
- chloroplasts main duty is to
- perform photosynthesis!
- The inner membrane of mitochondria has potrusions called
- cristae
- thick liquid inside of mitochondria is called
- matrix
- Cellular respiration is
- taking sugars and converting them to entergy
- The energy that prokaryotes use is called
- ATP
- the cell's skeleton is made up of 3 parts
- 1. microfiliments 2. intermediate filaments 3. microtubules
- microtubules are interesting because
- they can become larger and shorter when needed by addding or releasing molecules
- What are 3 ways cells move?
- 1. microtubules/skeleton 2. cilia, flagella 3. pseudopodia
- what is pseudopodia?
- When a cell moves all of its stuff to one side of itself in order to move in that direction.
- plasmo-desmada is
- pathways between cells
- What three kinds of cell connections do animal cells have?
- 1. tight junctions 2. anchoring junctions 3. gap junctions
- What are tight junctions? and an example of one?
- proteins from different cells link together. Extremely tight. Ex: our intestines.
- what are anchoring junctions? and an example?
- They are more flexible like a hinge EX: Muscle, joint tissues
- What are gap junctions?
- Tubes from one cell to next like plasmo-desmada
- energy is
- the ability to do work
- Two laws of thermodynamics
- Amount of energy in any given thing is constant When energy is converted, this process is not 100% efficient.
- All life on the planet is
- the biosphere
- compound contributing H+ ions to water is
- an acid
- functional group consisting of carbon double bonded to an oxygen is
- carbonyl group
- monomers are linked together by a
- dehydration reaction
- cellulose is composed of
- glucose
- phospholipids are specifically strange because they are
- hydrophobic and hydrophillic
- a polypeptide. Always a protein?
- false
- a large cell will have
- a larger surface area than a small one and a smaller surface area to volume ratio than a small one
- enzymes used to digest food are transported in
- lysosomes
- actin makes up
- microfilaments
- motion in cilia and flagells is caused by the movement of
- dyein arms
- a centriole is made up of
- nine microtubule triplets
- jnctions in animal cells that provide tight connections yet are flexible to allow for stretching and movement are known as
- anchoring junctions