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EndoMaleFemaleRepro

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Where is insulin made and what is its function?
Insulin is made in the beta cells of the pancreatic islets. Its function is to lower blood glucose levels.
What is a tropic/trophic hormone?
It is a hormone that acts on other endocrine cells to release their hormones.
Which of the following is not a tropic/trophic hormone? A) luteinizing hormone B) prolactin C) thyroid stimulating hormone D) growth hormone
prolactin Prolactin stimulates the production of breast milk in the mammary glands of females. In males it indirectley enhances secretion of testosterone by making the testes more sensitive to luteinizing hormone.
Explain the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis.
It is one of three axes involving the hypothalamus, pituitary and a more remote endocrine gland. The hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis is starts in the hypothalamus with the secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. LH and FSH then act on the gonads(ovaries and testes). Luteinizing hormone: Males-stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone Females-stimulates ovulation and stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete estrogen and progesterone Follicle stimulating hormone: Males-stimulates sperm production Females-stimulates the development of eggs and follicles
What does calcitonin do and where is it made?
Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels(Ca2+). It is made by the C cells of the thyroid and it is antagoistic to parathyroid hormone that raises calcium blood levels.
What hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla and what are their functions?
The adrenal medulla makes epenephrine(adrenaline) and norepenephrine. It is responsible for 'fight or flight' response by the body in times of emergency. They create a sympathetic response by increasing alertness, mobilizing high-energy fuels such as fatty acids and glucose. The also raise the heart rate, blood pressure and stimulate circulation to the muscles. They inhibit digestion and urine production so they do not compete for blood flow and energy.
What are the two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary and where are they produced?
The two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. They are produced in the hypothalamus and sent to the posterior pituitary for storage and later release.
What are the two functions of oxytocin?
Oxytocin stimulates the release of breast milk through the mammary ducts and stimulates contractions in a positive feedback loop during childbirth.
Where specifically is insulin made and what is its function?
Insulin is made in the beta cells of the pancreatic islets. It lowers blood glucose levels during digestion and ensures proper storage of nutrients, fat and glycogen.
Growth hormone does which of the following? A) promotes protein synthesis B) metabolizes fats C) metabolizes carbohydrates D) helps maintain electrolyte balance E) All of the above
All of the above Growth hormone has far reaching effects on the body and does not target any one organ or tissue. It also stimulates the growth of bone, cartilage and muscle.
What is the function of glucagon and where is it produced?(be specific)
Glucagon is made by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets. It raises blood glucose levels between meals.
In ________ a cell increases the number of hormone receptors and becomes more sensitive to the hormone.
up-regulation
What are the steroid hormones?
Aldosterone Calcitrol Corticosterone Cortisol Estrogens Progesterone Testosterone Along with thyroid hormones they are hydrophobic/lipohilic and nonpolar. They use transport proteins to circulate in the blood. They dissociate from the carrier at the target cell and pass through the cell membrane. They then bind to a receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
_______ is the process in which a cell reduces its receptor population and becomes less sensitive to a hormone.
Down regulation
When two or more hormones act together to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate effects it is called a ________.
synergistic effect
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults causes what disorder?
Acromegaly There is a thickening of the bones and soft tissues with noticeable effects on the hands, feet, and face. It causes giantism and hyposecretion causes dwarfism.
Excessive hormone release is called ___.
hypersecretion
True or False Paramesonephric ducts degenerate in females.
False The paramesonephric ducts develop into the female reproductive tract and the mesonephric ducts degenerate. The opposite is true for males.
What is mullerian-inhibiting factor(MIF)?
After the testis are identifiable and secreting testosterone they begin to also secrete an inhibitor hormone known as mullerian inhibiting factor to degenerate the paramesonephric ducts which are also known as mullerian ducts.
The genital tubercle becomes what in males?
The head(glans) of the penis. It becomes the head of the clitoris in females.
The ________ cools the ________ in the countercurrent heat exchanger of the testicals.
Pampiniform plexus and testicular artery respectively
This muscle consists of strips of internal oblique muscle that enmesh the spermatic cord. When it is cold it contracts and raises the testes closer to the body. What is the muscle?
cremaster muscle
Name the tissue that divides the scrotum into two separate compartments to protect each testis from infecting the other.
median septum
The germinal epithelium consists of layers of germ cells in the process of becoming sperm and what?
sustentacular cells These cells protect the germ cells and promote their development. They also secrete a hormone known as inhibin to regulate sperm production.
Explain the blood-testis barrier.
The blood-testis barrier is made up of tight junctions between sustentacular cells to prevent proteins and other large molecules in the blood and intracellular fluid from getting to the germ cells. Becasue germ cells are genetically different from other cells in the body the immune system would attack the germ cells and destroy them.
This artery supplies blood to the penis during an erection.
The deep artery. The dorsal artery supplies the blood when the penis is not erect.
True or False When a female is born she has 20,000 eggs.
False Females are born with approximately 2 million eggs.
What two hormones spike during ovulation in the ovarian cycle?
Luteinizing hormone and Follicle stimulating hormone Estradiol also spikes as part of the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle.
What hormone spikes during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
Progesterone Estradiol is still being secreted, but not at the same levels as during the proliferative phase

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