Psych Exam1
Terms
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- Wilhelm Wundy
- First Lab Introspection.. what is it?
- Introspection
- observing and recording the nature of one's own perceptions, thoughts, and feelings
- structuralism
- the analysis of mental processes
- functionalism
- studying how the mind works to enable an organism to adapt to and function in its environment
- Behaviorism believed that all behavior is the result of what?
- conditioning and reinforcement
- Watson is involved in what newer school?
- behaviorism
- What is the primary interest in Gestalt Psych?
- perception
- Gestalt psych
- believed that perceptual experiences depend on patterns formed by stimuli and on the organization of experiences
- who is involved with psychoanalysis?
- freud
- Psychoanalysis focuses on ...
- the unconscious and free association
- Persp. Biological
- identifies behavior to Electrical and Chemical processes that occur within the Brain or Nervou system
- Persp. Behavioral
- how responses to stimuli (reinforcement and punishment) shape behavior. OBSERVABLE behavior
- Persp. Cog
- mental processes (perception, reasoning,memory,decision making,problemsolving)
- Persp. psychoanalytic (who?)
- Freud Behavior is based on UNCONSCIOUS processes (beliefs,desires, fears)
- Persp. Subjectivist
- perceived world, based on individual's perspective
- 4 things of scientific method
- 1. forming research questions 2. stating these questions as a hypothesis 3. testing the hypothesis 4. interpreting andpublicizing results
- a statement of the problem or a statement that can be tested is called..
- HYPOTHESIS .. DUH
- dependent variable
- what the researcher is trying to measure
- independent variable
- the factor that is allowed to vary or the factor that the researcher is manipulating
- categorical variable
- groups
- confounding variables
- factors other than the independent variable that could be effecting the outcome
- Distinguish between Experimental and control groups
- exp:receiving treatment Cont: don't experience treatment
- random sample
- each individ has an equal chance of being selected to participate
- variables change in same direction ..
- positive correlation
- variables change in the opposite direction
- negative correlation
- validity
- measuring what they intend to measure
- reliability
- consistency
- generalizability
- can we generalize the findings to a larger population
- Name the 4 ethical constraints
- 1. confidentiality 2. full disclosure of purpose 3. respectfor an individual's freedom to participate 4. need to obtain informed consent
- Soma
- cell body
- what do dendrites do?
- receive neuralimpulses. also, transmit messages from other neurons to the cell body
- axon
- tube that extends from the soma and transmits messages
- synapse
- junction at which two neuronsmeet
- synaptic gap
- gap between the terminal button on one neuron and the dendrites of another
- neurotransmitters
- chemical that transmits the impulse fromone neuron to another
- myelin sheath
- provides insulation and increases the speed of traveling messages or impulses
- sensory neurons/receptors
- transmit impulses received by receptors to the central nervous system. receptors: specialized cells in sense organs, muscle skin, and joints
- motor neurons
- carry outgoing messages from brain/spinal cord
- interneurons
- neurons that receive signals from sensory neurons and send impulses to other interneurons or to motor neurons
- synaptic vesicles contain what?
- neurotransmitters
- pre-synaptic neuron
- neuron sneding signal
- post-synaptic neuron
- neuron receiving signal
- excitatory effect
- lead to depolarization of a receiving neuron -- action potential
- inhibitory effect
- makes inside of receiving neuron more negative (hyperpolarize
- reputake
- neurotransmitters are reabsorbed
- CNS
- Neurons in the brain and spinal cord
- PNS
- nerves connecting the brain and the spinal cordto other parts of the body
- autonomic sysytem is split into :
- sympathetic,parasympathetic
- name the 5 main structures of the central core
- medulla cerebellum thalamus hypothalamus reticular formation
- 2 major parts of the limbic system
- hippocampus, amygdala
- what does the hippocampus do
- important role in memory
- what does the amygdala do?
- impt rold in emotional behavior
- what is the outer layer of the cerebrum?
- cerebral cortex
- the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by what?
- the corpus callosum
- the cerebral hemisphere is divided into what 4 diff lobes?
- frontal parietal occipital temporal
- what is the function of the primary motor area?
- controls voluntary functions
- what is the function of the primary somatosensory?
- produces sensory experienceon the opposite side of the body, where heat , cold, touch, pain, andmovement are represented
- left hemisphere controls
- expressive language, logical activities, mathematical calculations
- right hemisphere controls
- simple language, spatial ability
- define aphasia
- language deficits caused by brain damage
- where is the broca's area located?
- left side of the frontal lobe
- damage of Broca's area =?
- expressive aphasia
- where is the Wernicke's Area located?
- left hemisphere in the temporal lobe
- damage to the Wernicke's area =
- receptive aphasia
- what system controls hormones?
- endocrine system
- define hormones
- chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands into the blood stream and transported to other parts of the body where they have specific effects
- whata gland is located just below the hypothalamus?
- pituitary gland
- what are three types of developement?
- physical/biological cognitive psychosocial/social emotional
- 4 stages of lifespan developement
- infancy childhood adolescence adulthood
- critical periods
- time periods in an individs life when specific events need to occur if development is to proceed
- sensitive periods
- periods that are optimal for specific developments to occur
- scheme
- organized pattern of thought or behavior
- assimilation
- person interprets new ideas or experiences
- accomodation
- person changes existing schemes to fit new ideas or experiences
- adaption
- interplay between assimiltion and accomodation, resulting in developement
- equilibrium
- harmonious balance of a person's schemes and experiences with the environment
- freud ID
- present at birth, unconscious, driven by pleasure
- freud EGO
- rational, conscious, realistic problem-solver
- freud SUPEREGO
- morals, consists of sconscience and ego-ideal (internal set of standards of how one should behave
- 3 types of temperment
- easy,difficult, and slow to warm
- secure attatchment
- healthy bond, good stuff
- anxious-resistant attachment
- insecure bond between child and caregiver. child shows anxiety before separation . resists comforting when parent returns
- anxious-avoidant
- insecure bond, child rarely cries when separated, ignores caregiver when reunited
- disorganized-disoriented
- most insecurity between caregiver and child, when reunited, child exhibits confused and contradictory behavior
- authritarian parents
- high control/discipline high maturity demands low communication low nurturance and warmth
- authoritative parents
- high control/discipline high (all good stuff)
- permissive parenting
- permissive-indulgent permissive-indifferent
- permissive indulgent
- warm andresponsive no control not good communication few demands
- permissive indifferent
- emotionally uninvolved, avoid responsibilities in childrearing, inconsitent setting , not good discipline
- absolute threshholds
- the minimum magnitude of a stimulus that can be detected from no stimulus at all
- intensity
- how much a stimulus must be raised from a standard in order for a higher level to be determined.
- transduction
- the translation of energy into electrical signals (occurs via receptors)
- light is reflected from an image to form an image on the ..?
- retina
- list the 3 parts of the image forming system in the way they work
- 1. cornea - begins to form 2. lens - focuses light on retina 3. pupil - maintains imae quality
- designed for seeing at night
- rods
- designed for seeing in the day
- cones
- visual acuity
- ability to resovle details
- hue
- color name
- frequency
- number of cycles per second at which the molecules move back and forth = our perception of pitch
- amplitude
- difference between the peak and trough in a sound wave
- timbre
- our experience of the complexity of sound
- name the three touch senses
- pressure temperature pain
- two types of pain
- phasic / tonic
- pain STIMULUS
- release of chemical substance in skin that stimulate high-threshhold receptors
- selective attention
- process by which we selectsome stimuli for further processing while ignoring other
- what is the separation of objects?
- figure- objectsof interest ground- region behind the figure
- proximity
- if the vertical difference between dots is reduced u will see columns
- name 6 monocular cues
- relative size (smaller objects farther away) interposition (overlapping object is closer) relative height perspective (paralell lines vanish) shading and shadows relative motion
- associative agnosia
- difficulty recognizing visually presented objects
- prosopagnosia
- inability to recognize faces
- habituation
- infants willlook at an pbject for a while but get bored
- preferentiallooking
- can an infant discriminate between two objects
- Altered State of Consciousness
- changes from an ordinary parrtern of mental functioning to a state that seems different to the person experiencing the change.
- preconscious memory
- constantly ignore. reject, and select incoming stimuli to focus onin our conscious awareness. certain memories can be brought into our conscious awareness
- automaticity
- habituation of responses that initially require a lot of attention
- dissociation
- under certain conditions some thoughts and actions became split off for the rest of consciousness and function outside of awareness
- homeostatic sleep drive
- a physiological process that strives to maintain the amount of sleep required for a stable level of daytime alertness
- clock-dependent alerting process
- arouses us at a particular time each day
- dreams
- an altered state of consciousness in which visual stories are constructed based on memories and current concerns, or on fantasies and images
- meditation
- achieving an altered state of consciousness by performing certain rituals and exercises
- hypnosis
- a willing and cooperative individual relinquishes some control over her behavior to a hypnotist and accepts some distortions of reality
- hypnotic suggestions
- posthypnotic responses posthypnotic amnesia positive hallucinations negative hallucinations
- 3 types of dependance
- tolerance withdrawl compulsive use