Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
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- What is the cause of death for bacterial meningitis?
- lipid soluble endotoxins released at cell death
- S/S for B. meningitis
-
1) Headache
2) cloudy CSF
3) stiff neck w/ head looking down
4) vomiting - What is the moratility rate for untreated meningitis?
- close to 100 %
- B. meningitis may kill a person w/ in 24 hrs after onset of symptoms. What is this related to?
- shock and inflammation
- Most bacterial infections are caused by one of the following:
- Hemophilus, streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitids
- Why are pathogenic strains of these bacteria so lethal?
- They contain virulence factors that facilitates tranfer across the blood brain barrier and are antiphagocytic
- what was thought to have caused the influenza pandemic?
- Hemophilus influenzae- normal flora on the back of the throat
- what do more than half of the Hemophilus influenzae cases present as?
- meningitis
- what has decreased the incidence of H. influenzae meningitis?
- vaccine developed in 1988
- what is the second leading cause of bacterial pnuemonia deaths in children in developing countries?
- Hemophilus influenzae
- what is the most suceptible group for H. influenzae?
- children: 6 months-2 yrs
- What is the Tx for H. influenzae?
- Cephalosporin
- streptococcus pneumoniae is more likely to cause what?
- pneumonia
- how many hospititalizations occur per year for pneumonia?
- 100,000-135,000
- How many cases per year of meningitis does S. pneumoniae cause?
- 2500
- how many cases of meningitis is S. pneumoniae responsible for in those people over 40?
- over half
- What are the susceptible groups for S. pneumoniae?
-
Immunosuppressed individuals
1- Infants
2- alcoholics - What is another name for Neisseria Meningitis?
- meningococcal disease
- what is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children and young adults?
- meningococcal disease
- where does the Niesseria normally present itself?
- normal flora in the nose and throat of asymptomatic carriers
- How is Neisseria transmitted?
- person to person via resp. droplets
- How does Neisseria get passed the IGA in the mucus membranes on the throat?
- posses IGA protease that inactivates it
- What are the susceptible groups for Neisseria?
-
1) Military recruits
2) freshman dorms
3) those exposed to cigarette smoke
4) stressful, crowded situations - What it the Tx for Neisseria?
- penicillin
- What is the Etiology for Tetanus?
- Clostridium Tetani
- C. tetani is:
- anaerobic and an endospore forming
- How does the infection in Tetanus occur?
- spores contaminate a deep anaerobic wound, bacteria does not spread from wound site
- What is the neurotoxin that is responsible for tetanus?
- tetanospasmin (exotoxin)
- What is the action of tetanospasmin?
- interferes with inhibtory nerve messages-> muscles constantly contract and causes rigid paralysis
- How can you die from Tetanus?
- spasm of the diaphram
- Can tetanus be prevented?
- Yes. tetanus toxoid prevents infection
- how often do you need a booster for tetanus?
- every 10 years
- What is the treatment for tetanus?
-
1) preformed tetanus immune globins
2) incision and debridement of wound - What is the Etiology for Botulism?
- Clostridium Botulinium
- C. botulinium is:
- anaerobic, endospore former
- The infection of C. botulinium occurs when:
- improperly canned foods are eaten, or ingested by babies
- What is the effect of the toxin produced by C. botulinium?
- Extemely potent neurotoxin that blocks release of acetylcholine and leads to flaccid paralysis
- Is there an immunization for Botulism?
- NO
- What is the Tx for botulism?
- Admin of antitoxin antibodies, sophisticated life support (artificial respirator)
- What is the Etiology for Leprosy?
- Mycobacterium leprae
- What are the two forms of Leprosy?
-
1)Tuberculoid (anesthetic)
2)Lepromatous (nodular) - What happens in Tuberculoid Leprosy?
-
Skin loses pigment and sensitivity
Neural involvement and gradual atrophy and bone re-absorption - What are the characteristics of Lepromatous Leprosy
-
1) Enlarged disfiguring granulomas called lepromas
2) intracellular masses of lepra bacilli cause foamy cytoplam - What is the transmission for leprosy?
- breaks in skin, inhalation of contaminated nasal secretions
- How communicable is Leprosy?
- Least communicable of infectious diseases
- Why is M. leprae hard to study?
- It will not grow on an artificial medium
- what is the optimal grow temperature for M. leprae?
-
30 degrees C (86 F)
grows best in cool places
(earlobes, hands, nose, feet) - what is the incubation period of leprosy?
- 2-10 years
- what is the generation time for M. leprae?
- 1 every 12 days
- Where would you find the M. Leprae if it infected the body?
- peripheral nerve cells
- The M. Leprae bacterium causes:
- chronic neurological inflammation which leads to loss of feeling
- In Leprosy, there is a delayed hypersenstivity which is accountable for:
- formation of lesions and nodules