Chapter 6 - CMT The Skeletal System
Terms
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- bone head
- a rounded knoblike end of a long bone, seperated from the shaft of the bone by a narrow portion (the neck of the bone)
- neck
- a constricted or narrow section that connects with the head, as in the neck connecting to the head or neck of the femur
- tuberosity
- an elevated, broad, rounded process of bone
- trochanter
- large bony process located below the neck of the femur
- condyle
- knucklelike projection at the end of a bone
- crest
- distinct border or ridge
- spine
- a sharp projection from the surface of a bone, similar to a crest
- Bone depression
- concave, indented area, or opening in a bone. They help to form joints or serve as points of attachment for muscle
- sulcus
- a groove or depression in a bone; a fissure
- sinus
- an opening or hollow space in a bone; a cavity within a bone
- fossa
- hollow or concave depression in a bone
- foramen
- hole in a bone through which blood vessels or nerves pass
- frontal bone
- the frontal bone forms the forehead and the upper part of the bony cavities that contain the eyeballs. The frontal sinuses are located in this bone, just above the area where the frontal bone joines the nasal bones
- parietal bones
- Just behind the frontal bones (posterior to the frontal bones) are the two parietal bones. They form most of the top and upper sides of the cranium
- occipital bone
- the single occipital bone forms the back of the head and the base of teh skull. The occipital bone contains the foramen magnum through which the spinal cord passes
- temporal bones
- the two temporal bones form the lower sides and part of the base of the skull. These bones contain the middle and inner ear structures. They also contain the mastoid sinuses.
- Mastoid process
- Immediately behind the external part of the ear; it projects downward and serves as a point of attachment for muscles.
- sphenoid bone
- a long, bat-shaped bone that is located at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bones. It extends completely across the middle of the cranial floor, joining with and anchoring the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal and ethmoid bones. The sphenoid bones form part of the base of the eye orbits.
- ethmoid bone
- lies just behind the nasal bone, in front of the sphenoid bone. It also forms the front of the base of the skull, part of the eye orbits, and the nasal cavity. The ethmoid bone also contains the ethmoid sinuses
- mandibular bone
- the mandible, is the lower jaw bone. It is the largest, strongest bone of the face and is the only movable bone of the skull.
- Maxillary bones
- the two maxillary bones (maxillae) are the bones of the upper jaw. They are fused in the midline by a suture. Also form the hard palate. Contains the maxillary sinuses, and the sockets for the teeth along the lower margin.
- Zygomatic bones
- the two zygomatic bones - one on each side of the face- form the high part of the cheek and the outer of the eye orbits
- nasal bones
- the two slender nasal bones give shape to the nose by forming the upper part of the bridge. The nasal bones meet at the midline of the face; they also join the frontal bone, the ethmoid bone, and the maxillae
- lacrimal bones
- paper thin and shaped somewhat like a fingernail. They are located at the inner corner of each eye, forming the sidewall of the nasal cavity and the middle wall of the eye orbit. The lacrimal bones join the cheek bones on each side to form the fossa, which houses the tear, or lacrimal, duct
- vomer
- a thin, flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum. It joins with the sephoid, palatine, ethmoid and maxillary bones.
- palatine bones
- shaped like the letter L: they have a vertical and horizontal portion. The vertical portion of the palatine bones forms the sidewall of the back of the nasal cavity. The horizontal portion joins in the midline to form the back part of the roof of the mouth.
- nasal conchae
- complete the nasal cavity by forming the side and lower wall.
- cervical vertebrae
- First 7 bones of the spine. Identified as C1-C7
- thoracic vertebrae
- The second 12 bones of the vertebrae. Connect with the ribs and are identified as T1-T12
- lumbar vertebrae
- 3rd segment is the lumbar vertebrae, largest, strongest portion of the spine. Identified as L1-L5
- sacrum
- a single triangular bone resulting from the fusion of the five individual sacral bones of the child. Located below the lumbar vertebrae
- coccyx
- the tailbone
- true ribs
- the first seven pairs of the ribs
- costal cartilage
- attaches the ribs to the sternum
- false ribs
- rib pairs 8-10; which connect to the vertebrae in the back but not to the sternum in the front because they join the seventh rib in the front
- floating ribs
- rib pairs 11-12; which connect to the vertebrae in the back but are free of any attachment in the front
- sternum
- the breastbone
- namubrium
- connects with the clavicle (collarbone) while the sides of the manubrium connect with the first pair of ribs
- xiphoid process
- lower portion of the sternum
- clavicle
- collarbone
- scapula
- triangle shaped bone also called the shoulder blade
- humerus
- the upper arm bone
- radius
- one of the lower two arm bones that joins the humerus above and the wrist bones below; it is on the thumb side of the the arm
- ulna
- second of the two lower arm bones; it is on the medial or little finger side of the arm
- Olecranon process
- at the end of the ulna, forms the point of the elbow
- carpals
- the bones of the wrist; each wrist has 8 bones; two rows of four bones each
- metacarpals
- the bones of the hand
- phalanges
- the toes; 3 bones in each toe; big toe has two
- pelvis
- the bony structure formed by the hip bones, the sacrum and the coccyx. The pelves is the lower part of the trunk of the body and serves as a support for the vertebral column and as a conncection with the lower extremities
- pelvic girdle
- bony ring formed by the hip bones, the sacrum and the coccyx - the bony ring that forms the walls of the pelvis
- ilium
- the largest of the three hip bones; it is the upper flared portion of the hip bones
- the iliac crest
- the upper curved edge of the ilium
- ischium
- lowest part of the hip bones and the strongest of the pelvic bones
- pubis
- the front part of the hip bones. the two bones of the bones of the pubis meet at the anterior midline of the pelvis and are connected with a cartilanginous joint
- symphysis pubis
- the point of connection of the two pubis bones
- acetabulum
- the socket that serves as the connecting point for the femur and the hip
- femur
- the thigh bone. The longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the body.
- patella
- knee bone or knee cap
- tibia
- the larger and stronger of the two lower leg bones. Also called the shin bone, the tibia is located on the great toe side of the lower leg
- fibula
- the more slender of the two lower leg bones and is lateral to the tibia. Not a weight bearing bone
- tarsals
- bones of the ankle; there are 7 bones
- calcaneus
- the heel bone; serves as a point of attachment for several of the muscles of the calf
- talus
- joins with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint
- metatarsals
- the bones of the foot
- articular cartilage
- thin layer of cartilage that covers the ends of the long bones and the surfaces of the joints
- bone depressions
- concave, indented areas or openings in bones
- bone markings
- specific features of individual bones
- bone processes
- projections or outgrowths of bones
- cancellous bone
- spongy bone, not as dense as compact bone
- diaphysis
- main shaftlike portion of a bone
- epiphyseal line
- a layer of cartilage that seperates the diaphysis from the epiphysis of a bone; also known as the epiphyseal plate
- epiphysis
- the end of a bone
- fissure
- a groove or depression in a bone; a sulcus
- flat bones
- bones that are broad and thin with flat or curved surfaces, such as the sternum
- fontanelle or fontanel
- space between the bones of an infant's cranium; the soft spot
- haversian canals
- a system of small canals within compact bone that contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
- hematopoiesis
- the formation and development of blood cells in the bone marrow
- intercostal spaces
- the spaces between the ribs
- intervertebral disc
- a flat, circular platelike structure of cartilage that serves as a cushion or shock absorber between the vertebrae
- long bones
- bones that are longer than they are wide adn with distinctive shaped ends, such as the femur
- medullary cavity
- the center portion of the shaft of a long bone containing the yellow marrow
- ossification
- the conversion of cartilage and fibrous connective tissue to bone, the formation of bone
- osteoblasts
- immature bone cells that actively produce bony tissue
- osteocytes
- mature bone cells
- osteoclasts
- large cells that absorb or digest old bone tissue
- periosteum
- the thick, white fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a long bone
- red bone marrow
- the soft, semifluid substance located in the small spaces of cancellous bone that is the source of blood cell production
- resorption
- the process of removing or digesting old bone tissue
- sesamoid bones
- irregular bones imbedded in tendons near a joint, as in the kneecap
- short bones
- bones that are about as long as they are wide and somewhat boxshaped, such as the wrist bone
- sutures
- immovable joints, such as those of the cranium
- trabeculae
- needlelike bony spicules within cancellous bone that contribute to the spongy appearance; their distribution along lines of stress add to the strength of the bone
- tubercle
- a small rounded process of a bone
- vertebral foramen
- a large opening in the center of each vertebra that serves as a passageway for the spinal cord
- yellow marrow
- located in the diaphysis of the long bones, yellow marrow is composed of fatty tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells
- acetabul/o
- acetabulum
- -blast, blast/o
- embryonic stage of development
- calc/o, calc/i
- calcium
- calcane/o
- heel bone
- carp/o
- wrist
- -clast, -clastic
- to break
- clavicul/o
- collarbone
- coccyg/o
- coccyx
- cost/o
- ribs
- crani/o
- skull, cranium
- femor/o
- femur
- fibul/o
- fibula
- gen/o
- to produce
- humer/o
- humerus
- ili/o
- ilium
- ischi/o
- ischium
- kyph/o
- humpback, pertaining to a hump
- lamin/o
- lamina
- lord/o
- swayback, bent
- lumb/o
- loins, lower back
- -malacia
- softening
- madibul/o
- madible (lower jaw bone)
- mastiod/o
- mastoid process
- maxill/o
- upper jaw
- metacarp/o
- hand bones
- metatars/o
- foot bones
- myel/o
- spinal cord or bone marrow
- olecran/o
- elbow
- orth/o
- straight
- oste/o
- bone
- patell/o, patell/a
- kneecap
- pelv/i
- pelvis
- phalang/o
- fingers, toes
- -physis
- growth, growing
- -porosis
- passage or pore
- pub/o
- pubis
- rach/i
- spinal column
- radi/o
- radiation
- scapul/o
- shoulder blade
- scoli/o
- crooked, bent
- spondyl/o
- vertebra
- stern/o
- sternum
- tars/o
- ankle bones
- tempor/o
- temples of the head
- vertebr/o
- vertebra
- osteoporosis
- porous bones, once strong bones become fragile due to the loss of bone density
- osteomalacia
- bones become abnormally soft due to a deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. This disease results in fractures and noticeable deformities of the weight bearing bones; in children it is called rickets
- osteomyelitis
- infection of the bone and bone marrow, resulting from a bacterial infection that has spread to the bone tissue through the blood
- Ewing's sarcoma
- a malignant tumor of the bones common to your adults, particularly boys.
- osteogenic carcinoma
- a malignant tumor arising from bone. Also known as osteosarcoma, it is the most common malignant bone tumor, with common sites being the distal femur, the proximal tibia and the proximal humerus
- osteochondroma
- the most common benign bone tumor; the femur and the tibia are most frequently involved
- talipes
- clubfoot
- kyphosis
- an abnormal outward curvature of a portion of the spine, commonly known as humpback or hunchback
- lordosis
- is an abnormal inward curvature of a portion of the spine, commonly known as sway back
- scoliosis
- an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
- fracture
- a broken bone, sudden breaking of a bone
- open fracture or compound fracture
- there is a break in the bone as well as an open wound in the skin
- complete fracture
- a break that extends through the entire thickness of a bone
- incomplete fracture; greenstick fracture
- a break that does not extend through the entire thickness of a bone; one side breaks the other side bends, as in bending a "green stick"
- compression fracture
- caused by bone surfaces being forced against each other; most common with osteoporosis
- impacted fracture
- occurs when a direct force causes the bone to break, forcing the broken end of the smaller bone into the broken end of the larger bone
- comminuted fracture
- occurs when the force is so great it splinters the or crushes a segment of the bone
- Colles' fracture
- occurs at the lower end of the radius, within 1 inch of connecting with the wrist bones
- hairline fracture or stress fracture
- a minor fracture in which the bone continues to be in perfect alignment; the fracture appears on an x-ray as a very thin "hair line" between the two segments; usually occurs in runners
- pathological fracture
- occurs when a bone, which is weakened by a preexisting disease, breaks in response to a force that would not normally cause a bone to break.
- closed reduction
- aligning bone fragments through manual manipulation or traction, without making an incision through the skin
- open reduction
- consists of realigning the bone under direct observations during surgery.
- internal fixation devices
- screws, pins, wires & nails; most commonly used with fractures of the femur and fractures of the joints
- bone scan
- involves the intravenous injection of a radioisotope and scanning by a gamma camera; often used to detect spread of cancer
- bone marrow aspiration
- process of removing a small sample of bone marrow from a selected site with a needle for the purpose of examining the specimen under a microscope
- dual photon absorptiometry
- noninvasive procedure that involves beaming a minimal amount of radiation through the bones. A computer evaluates the findings and these are interpreted by the physician
- dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
- DEXA is a noninvasive procedure that measures bone density.
- C1, C2, C3, C4, C5
- cervical vertebrae 1-5
- DEXA
- dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
- DIP
- distal interphalangeal (joint)
- Fx
- fracture
- L1, L2, L3...
- lumbar vertebra
- MCP
- metacarpophalangeal (joint)
- MTP
- metatarsophalangeal (joint)
- PIP
- posterior interphalangeal (joint)
- S1
- sacrum
- T1, T2, T3...
- thoracic vertebra 1, 2, 3...
- THR
- total hip replacement
- TKR
- total knee replacement
- TMJ
- temporomandibular joint