Cultural Anthropology, Test 3
Terms
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- animism
- belief in souls or doubles
- applied anthropology
- the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems
- azande
- tribe in northern africa (sudan); heavy in witchcraft
- biomedicine
- western medicine, which attributes illness to scientifically demonstrated agents - biological organisms or toxic materials
- cargo cults
- postcolonial, acculturative, religious movements common in Melanesia that attempts to explain European domination and wealth and to achieve simliar success magically by mimicking European behavior
- communal religions
- in Wallace's typology, these religions have - in addition to shamanic cults - communal cults in which people organize community rituals such as harvest ceremonies and rites of passage
- communitas
- intense community spirit, a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness; characteristic of people experiencing liminalty together.
- colonialism
- the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time
- cultural compatible development
- projects that harness traditional organizations and locally percieved needs for change and that have a cuturally appropriate design and implementation strategy
- development anthropology
- the branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural development of, economic development
- derek freeman
- along with Margaret Mead, a classic example of how 2 anthropologists can come with drastically different takes on the same place and people.
- disease
- an etic or scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen
- emotionalistic disease
- theories that assume that illness is caused by intense emotional experiences
- durkheim
- said that the unity of the human social order is enhanced by symbolic association with and imitation of the natural order
- green revolution
- agricultural development based on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, twentieth-century cultivation techniques, and new crop varieties such as IR-8 ("miracle rice").
- illness
- an emic condition of poor health felt by an individual
- imperialism
- a policy of extending the rule of a nation or empire over foreign nations and of taking and holding foreign colonies
- liminality
- the crtically important marginal or in-between phase of a rite of passage
- magic
- use of supernatural techniques to accomplish specific aims
- mana
- sacred impersonal force in melanesian and polynesian religions
- medical anthropology
- unites biological and cultural anthropologists in the study of disease, health problems, health care systems, and theories about illness in different cultures and ethnic groups
- monotheism
- worship of an eternal, omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent supreme being
- naturalistic disease
- includes scientific medicine; theories that explain illness in impersonal systemic terms
- NGO
- nongovernmental organizations
- olympian religions
- in Wallace's typology, develop with state organization; have full-time religious specialists - professional priesthoods
- overinnovation
- characterisitic of development projects that require major changes in people's daily lives, especially ones that interfere with customary subsistence pursuits
- personalistic disease
- theories that attribute illness to sorcerers, witches, ghosts, or ancestral spirits
- polytheism
- belief in several deities who control aspects of nature
- religion
- beliefs and rituals concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces
- revitalization movements
- movements that occur in times of change, in which religious leaders emerge and undertake to alter or revitalize a society
- rites of passage
- culturally defined activities associated with the transition from one place or stage in life to another
- ritual
- behavior that is formal, stylized, repetitive, and stereotyped, performed earnestly as a social act; rituals are held at set times and places and have liturgical orders
- schistosomiasis
- disease caused by liver flukes transmitted by snails in habiting ponds, lakes, and waterways, often created by irrigation projects
- shaman
- a part-time religious practitioner who mediates between people and supernatural beings and forces
- taboo
- prohibition backed by supernatural sanctions
- totemism
- worship of an animal or plant apical ancestor of a clan
- underdifferentiation
- planning fallacy of viewing less developed countries as an undifferentiated group; ignoring cultural diversity and adopting a uniform approach (often ethnocentric) for very different types o fproject beneficiaries
- malinowski
- noted that magic and rleigion can reduce anxiety and allay fears.
- marx
- saw socioeconomic stratification as a sharp and simple division between two opposed classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
- matai
- means chief; the matai system now refers to respect for elders