Psychology Unit 1
Psychology Unit 1 Study Guide terms
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Psychologist
- help people with behavioral or emotional problems adjust to demands of life
- Hallucinogens
- alter perceptions, thinking, emotions, self-awareness; LSD, Marijuana
- B. F. Skinner
- called greatest contemporary psychologist, "Behavior changes as a result of its consequences"
- Mental Housekeeping
- remains of sorting, scanning, and sifting process of brain through information learned
- Psychiatrist
- medical doctor with specialized training in medical treatment of mental and emotional disorders
- Psychoactive Drugs
- Chemicals that can alter consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior; classified by drug's effect on CNS
- CAT
- large numbers of x-rays put together to examine the structure of the brain
- Pineal Gland
- melatonin, involved in regulation of sleep
- Forensic Psychologist
- applies psychology to law and legal proceedings
- Forebrain Structures
- limbic system, corpus callosum, thalamus, cerebral cortex, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
- Four Guidelines for being a psychological detective
- What is the statement and who is making it, based on scientific observations, statistics reveal, other plausible alternative explanations
- Stimulants
- speed up activity of CNS; Ritalin, Adderall, Cylert, Concerta, Meth, Cocaine, Nicotine, Caffeine, Dexedrine
- Sigmund Freud
- psychodynamic perspective, considered one of the greatest psychologists
- Sleep cycle
- normally lasts about 90-100 minutes
- Control Group
- group that does not receive the changed independent variable
- Agonists
- enhance effects of neurotransmitters
- Ethical considerations of research
- protection from harm, confidentiality, voluntary participation, deception and intimidation
- Wilhem Wundt
- first psychology lab, considered "Father of psychology"
- Dendrites
- receives the signal, carries signal to cell body
- Reflections of Current Concerns
- reflect ongoing pre-occupations of consciousness during waking hours
- Type 1 Diabetes
- total lack of insulin, usually starts in childhood or young adulthood, cannot be prevented because of genetics
- Clinical Psychologist
- specializes in helping people with behavioral or emotional problems adjust to the demands of life
- Steps in Synaptic Transmission
- impulse reaches end of axon, molecules diffuse across synapse, molecules attach to areas on the dendrite, molecules interact with receptor sites, receptor sites only accept a particular chemical, neurotransmitters inactive
- Stage 2
- sleep spindles, NREM
- Survey Research
- Gather information by asking people directly
- Myelin Sheath
- insulation
- Freud Dreaming
- "Dreams are road to the unconscious" manifest (actual dream) and latent (symbolism) content
- Depressants
- slow down activity of the CNS; alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
- Stage 3
- delta waves, NREM
- Type 2 Diabetes
- obesity and lack of exercise is a main cause, can be prevented and treated
- Psychology
- the science of behavior and mental processes
- REM
- high frequency waves; paradoxical sleep
- Axon
- carries message away from cell body
- Terminal Buttons
- end of axon, contains chemicals to be released
- Independent Variable
- variable manipulated by researcher, variable that is changed
- PET
- computer constructs images showing where radioactive labeled drugs act on brain when told to do something
- SIDS
- unexpected death of apparently healthy infant that is not explained by autopsy
- Synapse
- gap between axon and dendrite
- Endorphins
- opium-like substance that blocks pain; "runner's high"
- Difference between psychologist and psychiatrist
- psychologists require 4 years extra schooling and 1 year internship; psychiatrists require 4 years medical school and 3 years residency
- Social Psychologist
- influence of other people on behavior
- Stage 1
- theta waves, NREM
- Forebrain Functions
- regulation of emotions, hunger, thirst, aggression, sexual behavior
- Circadian Rhythms
- daily biological changes using internal 24 hour clock
- Experimental Group
- group that receives the changed independent variable
- Neuropsychology
- physiological mechanisms of learning, memory, and behavior
- Experimental Method
- "Does something cause something else?" (cause and effect)
- Narcolepsy
- excessive daytime sleepiness & muscle weakness, REM intrudes waking hours
- Case Study
- observe 1 person
- Substance abuse
- pattern of use that has detrimental effects on health and functioning
- Midbrain/Hindbrain Structures
- spinal cord, medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum
- Sleep apnea
- breathing stops during sleep, usually found in older, overweight men
- Tolerance
- increased amount of drug is needed to have the same effect as before
- Dreaming
- succession of visual images during sleep
- Adrenal Gland
- Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (adrenaline)
- Placebo Effect
- take a pill and think it makes you better, even though the pill is nothing (sugar pill)
- Gestalt
- "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
- Sleep walking
- stage 4 sleep, usually in children
- Withdrawal
- symptoms associated with stopping the drug
- Nightmares
- bad dreams occurring during REM sleep
- Pancreas
- insulin, diabetes
- Phase advance
- advance sleep x number of hours because day has been shortened
- Midbrain/Hindbrain Functions
- breathing, heart rate, swallowing, reflexes to seeing and hearing, sweating, blood pressure, digestion, temperature, level of alertness, ability to sleep
- MRI
- images of both surface and deep brain structures are created with high degree of anatomical behavior
- Statistical Significant
- when outcome from independent variable occurs rarely by chance
- Sleep terrors
- NREM awakenings, occurs mostly in children, loud screams
- Correlation
- seeing how 2 variables relate to one another; ranges from -1.00 to +1.00, with 1.00 being the strong and 0.00 being no relation at all
- Psychoanalytic
- Freud; normal & abnormal behaviors are determined primarily by unconscious forces; bring unconscious causes of behavior to conscious level
- Stage 4
- delta waves, NREM
- Antagonists
- decrease effects of neurotransmitters
- Peripheral Nervous System
- all parts of nervous system outside of CNS
- Correlational Research
- taking 2 variables and seeing if they have a relationship
- Physiological
- concerned with how psychological and social variables affect health and illness
- Thyroid Gland
- Thyroxine, metabolism
- School counseling
- employed by school systems; diagnose & treat learning disabilities and other problems of school-age children
- Functionalism
- main focus was finding the purpose of consciousness; result was applied technology
- Pituitary Gland
- master gland, growth, cortisol (related to stress)
- Insomnia
- difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, frequent awakenings, or poor-quality sleep
- Parkinson's
- death of neurons in brain that release neurotransmitter dopamine, making it difficult to initiate motor movements
- Brain activity
- dreams are the result of neurons firing spontaneously in the lower brain that are sent to the cortex
- Alzheimer's
- Acetylcholine plaques in the brain and tangles inside neurons; exhibit loss of memory
- Structuralism
- analyze basic elements of conscious experience
- Dependent Variable
- what is measured
- Humanism
- emphasizes free will & individuals control of free will; neither good nor bad outweighs the other
- Gonads
- Testosterone (aggression)
- Soma
- cell body
- Dependence
- physical (body needs it) and mental (brain thinks you need it)
- Eclectic
- present day psychology; use of several approaches or part of several approaches
- Behaviorism
- focus on observable behavior; behavior is a function of the environment
- Central Nervous System
- brain and spinal cord
- Types of dreams
- flying, naked, falling, losing teeth, chase, and failing exam dreams
- Phase delay
- delay sleep x number of hours because day has been lengthened, usually easier to do
- Neurotransmitter
- chemical signal released by terminal buttons and attaches to appropriate receptor site
- Naturalistic Observation
- observe in real environment & describe what they do
- J.B. Watson
- founder of behaviorism
- Multiple Sclerosis
- immune system attacks myelin sheath that covers axons in CNS; muscle weakness, numbness and tingling of limbs, blurred vision
- EEG
- monitors & records electrical activity in brain by use of brain waves