A&P Exam 4 Respiratory and Nervous System
Terms
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- Where are the 4 paranasal sinuses located?
- Frontal bone, Spenoid bone, ethmoid bone, and Maxillary bone
- The nasopharynx is lined with what type of tissue?
- Ciliated pseucostratified epithelium
- Where is the Pharyngeal Tonsil located and what is the common name for it?
- located high on the posterior wall of the nasophayrnx adenoids
- The oropharynx is posterior to the oral cavity and opens into it at the archway called the?
- Fauces (the throat)
- Where do the palatine tonsils lie?
- in the lateral walls of the fauces
- Where is the Lingual tonsil?
- covers the base of the tonque
- The larynogopharynx is lined with what type of tissue?
- Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- What are the 3 functions of the Larynx?
- provide open airway, to route air and food to different pathways, and to produce the voice
- All Laryngeal cartilages are Hyaline cartilages except for the?
- Epiglottis
- What is the Laryngeal Prominence
- the adam apples
- What anchors the vocal cords?
- Arytenoid
- The ninth cartilage of the larynx is the
- Epiglottis
- The Epiglottis is made of?
- Elastic tissue
- What moves the vocal cords?
- Arytenoid cartilages
- What makes up the false vocal cords?
- Vestibular Fold
- Below the vocal folds the lining is made of what tissue?
- Pseucostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- The vocal folds can act as a
- Spincter
- The site where the conducting zone changes to the respiratory zone is the?
- Bronchial Tree
- What is part of the lowest tracheal cartilage that expands, marking the point where the two primary bronchi branch out?
- Carina
- What are the thin walled air sacs which protrude from the smallest respiratory bronchioles?
- Alveoli
- What is the alveolar sac?
- Cluster of alveoli
- What are the two types of cells in the alveoli?
- Type I and Type II
- Type I alveoli cells are made of what tissue?
- Squamous epithelial cells lined up in a single layer
- Type II alveoli cells are made of what tissue?
- Cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant
- What is the fused basal lamina and the capillary and alveoilar epithelium with gas on one side and blood on the other?
- Respiratory Membrane
- Type I Alveolar cells secrete Angiotensin Converting Enzyme which can do what?
- Raise the blood pressure
- What organs are contained in the Mediastinum
- Heart, great blood vessels, bronchi, espohagus, and trachea
- What the surfaces of the lungs that come in close contact with the ribs?
- Costal SurfacesHilus
- What is the indentation near the mediastinum where the main blood vessels enter and leave the lung and where the primary bronchus begins to branch out?
- Hilus
- What is the small concavity on the left lung that molds to accommodate the heart?
- Cardiac Notch
- The two lobes of the left lung are divided by an?
- Oblique Fissure
- The three lobes of the right lung are divided by the
- Oblique Fissue and the horizontal fissure
- What are the two circulations of the lungs?
- Pulmonary circulation and the bronchial circulation
- This lung circulation is responsible for gas exchange
- pulmonary circulation
- This lung circulation is responsible for providing blood to the lung tissue itself
- Bronchial circulation
- What color is the right pulmmanary vein?
- Red, they carry oxygen rich blood to the heart from the lungs
- This pleura covers the thoracic wall and the superior surface of the diaphragm, lateral walls of the mediastinum
- Parietal Pleura
- This pleura covers the external lung surface, dipping into the fissures
- Visceral pleura
- Wah fills the pleural cavity?
- Pleural fluid
- Inflammation of the pleura is called?
- Pleurisy
- An excessive collection of fluid in the pleural sapce is called a?
- Pleural effusion
- The two phases of breathing are ?
- Inspiration and Expiration
- The pressure in the alveoli (P-pul)
- Intrapulmonary Pressure
- The pressure in the pleural cavity (P-ip)
- Intrapleural Pressure
- What is the amount of P-ip?
- -4mm Hg less than P-Pul if not the lungs would collapse
- Partial or complete collapse of lung tissue is called?
- Atelectasis
- Air in the intrapleural space is a
- Pneumothorax
- When the scalenes,m sternocleidomastoid and the pectoralis minor raise the ribs more and increase the tial volume is calle
- Deep Inspiration
- What is the normal Tidal Volume?
- 500 mL
- The involves contraction of the abdominal wall muscles and the Internal intercostals
- Forced Expiration
- What is friction or drag in the respiratory passageways?
- Airway Resistance
- The distensibility or "stretch-ability" of lungs is called?
- Compliance
- The more a lung expands for a given pressure, the?
- Greater its compliance
- The amount of air moved into and out of the lungs in quiet breathing is called?
- Tidal Volume ave is 500 mL
- The amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume is ?
- Inspiratory reserve volume ave 3100 mL in males
- The amount of air that can be evacuated or FORCED OUT after a tidal expiration is ?
- Expiratory Reserve volume ave is 1200 mL for males
- The amount of air left in the lungs after the most strenouse expiration?
- Residual Volume ave is 1200 mL in males
- The total amount of exchangeable air (sum of the tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + the expiatory reserve volume is called the?
- Vital Capacity ave is 4800 mL in males
- The toal amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume) is called?
- Inspiratory Capacity ave is 3600 mL for males
- The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration, it equals the residual volume + the expiratory reserve volume?
- Functional Residual Capacity Ave is 2400 mL in males
- The sume of all lung volumes
- 6000 mL in males
- The air that fills the conducting respiratory passagesways and does not contribute to gas exchange is called the ?
- Anatomical Dead space usually 150 mL
- Alveoli that do not function are called?
- Alveolar Dead Space
- Alveolar dead space + Anatomical dead space = ?
- Total Dead Space
- What instrument is used for measure breathing
- Spirometer
- The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas
- Dalton's law of partial pressures
- When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gase will dissolve in the liquid in proportion ot its partial pressure
- Henry's Law
- What is the most potent chemical controlling respiration?
- CO2
- Three functions of Nervous system are
- Sensory input, Integration , and motor output
- Two main parts of the Nervous System are
- Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- This consist of the brain and the spinal cord, which occupy the dorsal body cavity
- The Central Nervous System
- This is the part of the nervous system outside the central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous system
- These carry impulses to and from the spinal cord
- Spinal nerves
- These carry impulses to and from the brain
- Cranial nerves
- The PNS has two subdivisions
- The Afferent (Sensory) and Efferent (Motor)
- Sensory (afferent) divsion is composed of
- Somatic afferent fibers and visceral afferent fibers, carry impulses towards the CNS
- Somatic afferent fibers carry impules from where to the CNS?
- from skin muscles and joints to CNS
- Visceral afferent fibers carry impules from where to the CNS?
- Visceral organs
- Efferent (motor) divsion is composed of
- Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System, transmits from the CNS to the effector organs
- Somatic Nervous system carry impules from the CNS to where?
- Axon from CNS to skeletal muscle, this is voluntary control
- Autonomic Nervous system carry impules from the CNS to where?
- axons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscles and glands Involantary control
- Sympathetic Autnomic Nervous system is responsable for
- (flight or fight response)
- ParaSympathetic Autnomic Nervous system is responsable for
- Disgestion
- Two main types of cells in the CNS
- Supporting cells (Neuroglia) and Neurons
- Small cells that surround and wrap the neurons are called
- Neuroglia
- Excitable nerve cells that transmit electrical signals
- Neurons
- Neuroglia are also known as
- Glial
- Where are the six types of glial cells located
- 4 in the CNS and 2 in the PNS
- the astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes are all located in the
- CNBS
- Neuroglia (aka glial cells) provide a supportive scaffolding for?
- Neurons
- Glial cells outnumber neurons _____ in the CNS
- 10:1
- Glial cells make up ___ of the mass of the brain
- 1/2
- These are the most abundant and most versatile glial cell
- Astrocytes
- These glial cells are involved in the chemical blood brain barrier
- Astrocytes
- These glial cells are Shaped like delicate branching sea anemones (star shaped)
- Astrocytes
- These glial cells migrate toward damaged neurons, and transform inton macrophages that then phagocytize the neurons or bacteria or viruses
- Microglia
- These glial cells are the only form of the immune system present in the CNS
- Microglia
- These glial cells line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord, forming a semi permeable barrier between the CSF and the tissues
- Ependymal Cells
- These glial cells have branches like astrocytes but with fewer processes
- Oligodendrocytes
- These glial cells line up along the thicker neuron fibers in the CNS producing Myelin Sheaths
- Oligodendrocytes
- What part of the oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheaths?
- Processe
- What are the two types neuroglia in the PNS?
- Satellite cells and Schwann cells
- These PNS neuroglia surround the neuron cell bodies
- Satellite cells
- These PNS neuroglia surround the larger nerve fibers in the PNS and form myelin sheaths around them
- Schwann cells
- A neuron is a ?
- nerve cell
- Special characteristics of Nerve cells
- conduct nerve impulses, have extrene longevity (100 yrs), they are usually amitotic (can't divide) , and have a very high metabolic rate so require a lot of O2 and Glucose
- Exceptions to the amitotic rule are olfactory epithelium and some hippocampal regions which contain?
- Stem cells that can produce new neurons throughout life
- The neuron cell body is a ?
- Transparent round nucleus with a large nucleolus
- The cell body is called the ____ and is a major biosynthetic center of the neruron?
- Soma or perikaryon
- Neuron Cell bodies do not contain centrioles why?
- they do not divide
- What are the three mucosal covered projections on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
- Nasal Conchae
- What are cluster of cell bodies in the PNS called?
- Ganglia
- Bundles of processes in the CNS are called?
- Tracts
- Bundles of processes in the PNS are called?
- Nerves
- What lies between motor and sensory neurons, most of the cells in the CNS, make up 99% of the neurons in the body, most are multipolar and function to intergrate neural signals
- Interneurons (Association Neurons)
- Outside the cell what balandes the NA+?
- Cl-
- Inside the cell the negatively charged proteins balnace the ?
- K+
- This plays the most important role in generation of the membrane potential?
- K+
- What first ejects 3 Na+ from the cell and tehn transports 2 K+ back into the cell?
- ATP-driven sodium/potassium pump
- Phase 1 of the AP when the voltage gated channels are closed is called? (small amounts of K+ leak out)
- the resting state
- Phase 2 of the AP is?
- Depolarizing Phase
- Phase 3 of the AP is?
- the repolarizing phase
- If an axon is stimulated in the middle (at the nodes of Ranvier) the nerve impulse will move?
- Away in all directions
- The rate of impulse speed depends on Two factors?
- Axon Diameter and degree of myelination