A&P 2 Final
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- The use of a chemical messenger to transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue is referred to a _______ tissue
- Paracrine
- Cyclic-AMP functions as a second messenger to
- Open ion channels an activate key enzumes
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the release of
- steroid hormones by adrenal glands
- FSH production in males supports
- the maturation of sperm by stimulating sustentacular cells
- The hormone that indicates ovulation in women and promotes the secretion of progesterone by the ovaries is
- LH
- The two hormones released by the posterior lobe are
- ADH and oxytocin
- The primary function of ADH is to
- decrease amount of water lost at kidneys
- The element required for normal thyroid function is
- iodine
- Reduced fluid losses in urine due ti the retention of Na and water is a result of the action of
- aldosterone
- The adrenal medulla produces the hormones
- epinephrine and norepinephrine
- The endocrine portion of the pancreas is the
- pancreatic islets
- The formed elements of the blood include
- WBCs, RBCs, platelets
- Blood temperature is approximately ___ and blood pH averages _____.
- 38C and 7.4 pH
- Plasma contributes approximately ___ % of the volume of whole blood, and water accounts for 92% of the plasma volume
- 55% and 92%
- A hematocrit provides information on
- packed cell volume
- In adults, the only site of red blood cell prodiction, and the primary site of white blood cell formation, is the
- red bone marrow
- The most numerous WBCs in a differential count of a healthy individual are
- neutrophils.
- The differential count of a person who has an allergy would indicate a high number of
- eosinophils
- Stem cells responsible for lymphopoieis are located in the
-
a. thymus and spleen
b. lymph nodes
c. red bone marrow
d. a, b, and c. - The first step in hemostasis is
- vascular spasm
- _____ and _____ afect almost every aspect of the clotting process.
- Calcium and vitamin K
- Dehydration would cause a
- decrease in the hematocrit
- Erythropoietin directly stimulates RBC formation by
-
a. increasing rates of mitotic divisions in erythroblasts
b. speeding up the mautration of red blood cells
c. accelerating the rate of hemoglobin synthesis
d. a, b and c. - A person with Type A blood has
- anti-B antibodies in the plasma
- Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if
- an Rh negative mother carries an Rh positive fetus
- The great cardiac vein drains blood from the heart muscle to the
- right atrium
- The autonomic centers for cardiac function are located in the
- cardiac centers of the medulla oblongata
- The serous membrane covering the inner surface of the heart is the
- myocardium
- The simple squamous epithelium covering the valves of the heart constitutes the
- endocardium
- The structure that permits blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium while the lungs are developing beore birth is the
- foramen ovale
- Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the
- pulmonary valve
- The P wave of the ECG appears as the
- atria depolarize
- During diastole, a chamber of the heart
- relaxes and fills with blood
- During the cardiac cycle, the amount of blood ejected from th left ventricle when the semilunar valve opens is the
- stroke volume
- The cells of the conducting system differ from the contractile cells of the heart in tha
- contractile cells do not exhibit automaticity
- Tetanic muscle contractions cannot occur in a normal cardiac cell because
- the refractory peroid lasts until the muscle cell relaxes
- The amount of blood that is forced out of hte heart depends on
-
a. the degree of stretching at the end of the ventricular diastole
b. the contractility of the ventricle
c. the amount of pressure required to eject blood
d. a, b, and c. are correct - specialized fenestrated capillaries
- sinusoids
- minimum blood pressure
- diastolic pressure
- vasomotor centers
- medulla oblongata
- drains the kidney
- renal vein
- vasoconstrictor fibers
- cholinergic
- ventricular stretching
- Frank-Starling principle
- elastic arteries
- conducting arteries
- blood supply to pelvis
- internal iliac artery
- vasodilator fibers
- adrenergic
- largest superficial vein
- great saphenous
- capacitance vessels
- veins
- drains the liver
- hepatic vein
- largest artery in body
- aorta
- stationary blood clot
- thrombus
- distribution arteries
- muscular arteries
- foramen ovale
- interatrial opening
- vasomotion
- precapillary sphincter
- resistance vessels
- arterioles
- migrating blood clot
- embolus
- carotid sinus
- baroreceptors
- frictions
- vascular resistance
- sounds of Korotkoff
- blood pressure
- vessels ofvessels
- vasa vasorum
- peak blood pressure
- systolic pressure
- Thin-walled medium-sized vessels that appear collapsed and that may tear easily in gross dissection are
- venules
- The layer of the arteriole wall that provides the properties of contractility and elasticity is the
- tunica media
- Blood vessels that supply the walls of arteries an veins with blood are
- vasa vasorum
- Of the following arteries, the one that is an elastic artery is the
- subclaian artery
- The two-way exchange of substances between blood and body cells occurs only through
- capillaries
- Large molecules such as peptides and proteins move into and out of the bloodstream by way of
- fenestrated capillaries
- The alteration of blood flow due to the action of precapillary sphincters is
- vasomotion
- The blood vessesl that collect blood from all tissues and organs and return it to the heart are the
- veins
- Blood is transported through the venous system by means of
- muscular contractions and the respiratory pump (a&b)
- The most important factor in vascular resistance is
- the diameter of blood vessel walls
- The specialized exchange surfaces of the liver, bone marrow, and pituitary gland are the
- sinusoids
- Net hydrostatic pressure farces water ___ a capillary; net osmotic pressure forces water ___ a capillary
- out of, into
- The two arteries formed by the division of the brachiocephalic trunk are the
- common carotid and subclavian
- The unparied arteries supplying blood to the visceral organs include the
- celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric
- The paired arteries supplying blood to the body wall and other structures outside the abdominopelvic cavity nclude the
- suprarenals, renals, lumbars, gonadals
- The vein that drains the dural sinuses of the brain is the
- internal jugular
- the bein that drains the thorax and empties into the superior vena cava is the
- aygos
- The vein that collects most of the venous blood from below the diaphragm is the
- inferior vena cava
- The tributaries of the hepatic portal vein include the
- left colic, splenic, inferior and superior mesenteric veins
- When dehydration occurs, there is
- a, b, and c
- Increased CO2 levels in tissues would promote
- the dilation of precapillary sphincters
- Elevated levels of the hormones ANP and BNP will produce
- increased fluid loss through the kidneys
- The secretion of ADH and aldosterone are typical of the body's long-term compensation following
- a serious hemorrhage
- Lymph from the right arm, the right half of the head, and the right chest is received by the
- right lymphatic duct
- Lymphoid stem cells that can form all tuypes of lymphocytes occur in the
- bone marrow
- lymphatic vessels are located everywhere except the
- central nervous sytem
- the body's lrgest collection of lymphoid tissue is in the
- adult spleen
- Red bone cells that are damaged or defectibe are removed from the bloodstream by the
- spleen
- Phagocytes move through capillary walls by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells, a process known as
- diapedesis
- Perforins are proteins associated with the activity of
- NK cells
- Complement activation
- a, b and c
- The most beneficial effect of fever is that is
- inhibits the spread of some bacteria and viruses and increases the metabolic rate by up to 10% (a and b are correct)
- CD4 markers are associated with
- helper T cells
- Compared with nonspecific defenses, specific defenses
- protect against threats on an individual basis
- T cells and B cells can be activated only by
- exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site on a cell membrane
- Class II MHC proteins appear in the cell membrane only when
- the cell is processing antigens
- The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because
- large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.
- Control over the amount of resistance to airflow and the distribution of air in the lungs is provided by the
- bronchioles
- The presence of an abnormally low carbon dioxide content in blood is
- hypocapnia
- During expiration, the lungs contract and the intrapulmonary pressure
- rises to about 761 mm Hg
- During a normal inhalation, theintrapleural pressure is approximately
- -6 mm Hg
- According to Goyle's law, if the volume of a gas increases
- the pressure of the gas will decrease
- In tissues at a normal partial pressure of oxygen, blood entering the venous system contains about ___ of its total oxygen content
- 75%
- Approximately 70% of the carbon dioxide absorbed by blood is transported
- as carbonic acid
- The apneustic centers of teh pons
- inhibit the pneumotaxic and inspiratory centers
- All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the
- olfactory epithelium
- Sneezing and coughing are classic examples of
- protective reflexes
- Sympathetic stimulation to the smooth muscle tissue layer in the bronchioles causes
- bronchodilation
- If you have a respiration rate of 15 breaths per minute and a tidal volume of 500 mil of air, your respiratory minute volume is
- 700 ml
- Gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is efficient because
- a,b, and c are correct
- For any partial pressure of oxygen, if the concentration of 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) increases
- the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase
- The primary physiologyical adjustment necessary of an athlete to compete at high altitudes is
- a, b, and c
- an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood causes chemoreceptors to stimulate the respiratory centers, resulting in
- an increased respiratory rate
- The enzymatic breakdown of large molecules into their basic building blocks is called
- chemical digestion
- The outer layer of the digestive tract is known as the
- serosa
- The muscularis externa propels materials from one portion of the digestive tract to another by the contractions of
- peristalsis
- The activities of the digestive system are regulated by
- a,b,and c
- double sheets of peritoneum that provide support and stability for the organs of the peritoneal cavity are the
- mesenteries
- the peritoneal fold that stabilizes and supports the small intestine is the
- mesentery proper
- intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid are secreted by cells in the stomach wall called
- parietal cells.
- Protein digestion in the stomach results primarily from secretions released by
- chief cells
- The part of the digestive tract that plays the primary role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients is
- small intestine.
- The hormone that stimulates the secretion of the stomach and contraction of the stomach walls is
- gastrin.
- The essential metabolic or synthetic service provided by the liver is
- a, b, and c
- Bile release from the gallbladder into the duodenum occurs only under the stimulation of
- cholecystokinin
- The major functions of the large intestine is the
- a, b, and c
- The part of the colon that accepts chyme from the small intestine is
- ascending colon
- The three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle found on the outer surface of the colon are
- taeniae coli
- Three vitamins generated by bacteria in the colon are
- vitamin K, biotin, and pantothenic acid