Nuclear Medicine
Terms
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- What is radioactivity?
-
The ability of certain nuclides to
1. Undergo spontaneous uncontrolled decay.
2. emit penetrating radiation - Production of radionuclides are produced by what?
- Irradiation of stable nuclides by subatomic particles such as deutrons or neutrons in a cyclotron or nuclear reactor.
- What can be added to a number of compounds so that the compound is not altered physiologically?
- Technetium99m
- Length of time it takes for original number of atoms to disintegrate or decay to one half its original number?
- Half life
- Flash of light produced in a phosphor by radiation? What compound is most widely used?
-
Scinitillation
Sodium Iodide - sensitive device used to detect ionizing radiation by electronically measuring the light produced?
- Scintillation detector
- Examples of tracers in nuclear medicine?
-
1. Radioactive Iodine
2. Technetium-99m - Area in any organ where concentration is less than in surrounding tissue?
- cold spot- cancer
- Any organ where concentration is significantly greater than surrounding tissue.
- Hot spot- brain tumor
- Used in large percentage of studies because of the ideal energy and ideal half life?
-
Technetium-99m
140 kEv and 6 hour half life -
When is Thyroid studied?
What is the procedure?
What are the results of this study? -
suggested disturbance of function and size.
oral administration of iodine 123 collection
normal uptake at 10%-30% at 24 hours, hypothyroid anything lower hyperthyroid anything higher. - Brain indications:
- early detection of brain tumors and/or metastases, subdural hematomas, CVAs, abscesses
-
Procedure for brain study?
Results? -
2-mci of Tc 99m DTPA given with anterior images being taken every 3 seconds.
changes in distribution or flow shows CVA's and carotid artery obstructions. - What is nuclear medicine used for in bone studies?
- Evaluates metastases, tumors, arthritis, paget's disease
-
What is the procedure for bone studies?
What are the results for bone studies? -
IV injection of 20 mCi Tc99m labeled with phosphate complex. Total body scans performed 2 hours after injections.
hot spots indicate problems such as metastases and arthritis - What is nuclear medicine used to study the lungs for?
- Pulmonary Emboli, CA, COPD
-
What is the prcocedure for studying the lungs in nuclear medicine?
What are the results of this study? -
10-20 mCi of Xenon into breathing apparatus
normal- uniform distribution of radioactive gases with no activity after 3 minutes
abnormal- ventilation defects plus areas of nonradioactivity. - what kind of badges do nuc med techs wear?
- ring badges
- SPECT
- single photon emission computed tomography
- How does spect work?
- may utilize one to three gamma camera detectors to produce tomographic or sectional images of a structure.
- PET?
- Positron Emission Tomography
- How does PET work?
- uses positron emissions form radionuclides to produce detailed functional images within the body
- What does PET show?
-
1. blood flows
2. metabolic processes at cellular level - what does annhilation radiation result from?
- positron decay
- Positron emitters releases two identical ______ in exactly opposite directions
- photons
- Radionuclides have ______ halflives. They are produced in ___________.
- short, cyclotrons.
- Give 3 examples of radionuclides
-
Fluorine-18
radioactive water
Fluoride ions (FDG) - for glucose metabolism in the brain
- fluorine 18
- local cerebral blood flow
- radioactive water
- glucose utilization in the brain, heart, tumors or other tissues.
- Fluoride ions.
- what is PET used to measure?
- human cellular, organ, or system function.
- What clinical studies is PET used for?
-
1. detection of cancer whether it is benign or malignant. FDG
2. Monitoring effectiveness of drugs - What is myelograpy used to radiograph?
- spinal cord and it's nerve root structures
- what does the central nervous system consists of?
- Brain and Spinal Cord
- Where does the spinal cord end?
- L1 or L2
- Where is CSF produced?
- ventricle
-
In myelography what type of injection is done?
Where is the injection given? -
Introthecal
Subarachnoid space -
Brains outer potion is called?
inner portions? -
Cortex
White matter - What parts does the brain consists of?
- Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem
- what seperates the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres?
- longitudinal fissure
- spinal cord consists of inner _____ substance and outer _________ white substance.
- gray, white
- Where does the spinal cord extend from?
- foramen magnum and medulla oblongota to L1 or L2.
- What pointed structure does the spinal cord end in?
- conus medularis
- How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
- 31
- spinal nerves are tranmitted through what?
- intervertebral and sacral foramina
- Spinal nerves below the termination of the spinal below extend inferiorly through what?
- vertebral canal
- Spinal nerves below the termination of the spinal cord are referred to as?
- cauda equina
- inner sheath of brain and spinal cord?
- pia matter
- the middle sheath of the brain and spinal cord.
- arachnoid
- the strong outer covering of brain and spinal cord?
- dura mater