Pathophysiology
Terms
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- Carrier
- Infected person
- Adoptive immunity
- Passive immunity of cell-mediated type conferred by admin of sensitized lymphocytes from immune donor
- Carcinogen
- Any cancer-causing or -producing substance
- Recurrent disease
- Reoccurrence of S&S after remission
- Natural hx of disease
- Course from start to end w/o tx; infections have well defined stages
- Pathology
- Study of disease
- Autograft
- Derived from same person/animal to which transplanted
- Carcinogenic
- Ability to cause cancer
- Idiopathic disease
- Unknown cause
- Interferon
- Protein produced by cells in response to foreign nucleic acid containing materials
- Allergic disease
- Caused by hypersensitivity to allergen(s)
- Molecular disease
- Molecular products of cell activity abnormal in composition
- Lymphokines
- Soluble mediators released by T-cells on contact w/ antigen; role in macrophage activation, lymphocyte transformation, cell-mediated immunity
- Cocarcinogenesis
- Factors resulting in neoplasia; ex: hormone level, diet, chemicals
- Nutritional disease
- Insufficient dietary intake; not balanced; result of GI tract disease
- Diagnosis
- Determination of the nature of disease process, and of organs and tissues affected
- Intoxicating disease
- Poisoned by drug, toxic substance
- Lymphoid hyperplasia
- Increase in lymphatic tissue; reaction to infection; localized or systemic
- Health
- State of internal harmony or balance
- Abscess
- Localized collection of puss in cavity formed by disintegration of tissue
- Virulence
- Degree of pathogenicity of a population or strain of an infectious agent
- Pandemic disease
- Widespread epidemic; worldwide
- Parasitism
- Situation where one benefits at the expense of the other
- Complement
- Multifactorial system of 9+ normal serum components characterized by capacity to participate in certain antibody-antigen reactions
- Endemic disease
- More or less continuously present in a community
- Serous inflammation
- Produces exudation of serum; resembles transudate but cellular and more protein-rich
- Infectious agent
- (Micro)organism capable of producing infection or infectious disease
- Inducer (Initiator)
- Chemical (carcinogen) that initiates changes in cells leading to malignant transformations
- Leukopenia
- Reduction in leukocytes in blood, 5000 or less
- Implantation
- Method of neoplasia extension beyond primary site of origin
- Lysozyme
- Enzyme present in tears, saliva, egg whites, antibacterial body fluids
- Inapparent infection
- Infection w/o recognizable S&S
- Degenerative disease
- Usually have specific chemical causes; ex: aging
- Myelofibrosis
- Condition in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue
- Cellular immunity
- T-lymphocytes and activated microphages predominate
- Sanguineous (hemorrhagic)
- Abounding in blood
- Granulation tissue
- Formation of wounds of tissue composed largely of capillaries and fibroblasts
- Morbidity
- # of sick/cases
- Bence-Jones proteins
- Urinary proteins composed of light polypeptide chains produced in excess in pts w/ multiple myeloma (monoclonal gammopathy)
- Psychosomatic disease
- Originate in emotions; ex: ulcers, asthma, migraines
- Immune response
- Specific response resulting in immunity
- Sarcoma
- Malignant neoplasm derived from mesenchymal tissue (connective tissue cells)
- Humoral immunity
- B-lymphocytes and plasma cells (immunoglobulins) predominate
- Incubation period
- Time interval b/w infection and appearance of S&S
- Benign neoplasm
- Growth of tissue (tumor); cells slowly grow by expansion; no metastasis; localized
- Cellulitis
- Inflammation of the loose subcutaneous tissue
- Principles of carcinogenesis
- Effects of carcinogens are dose dependent, additive and irreversible, requires time...
- Toxic disease
- Cause cell injury or death due to toxins, noxious agents
- Lesions
- Structure alteration in tissue; recognized by gross or micro exam; occurs w/ most/all diseases; distinguishes b/w diseases; aka fingerprints of disease
- Transudate
- Substance passed through membrane or extruded from tissue; low content of protein
- Adenoma
- Benign neoplasm arising from gland epithelium
- Primary host
- Parasite attains maturity or passes its sexual stages
- Metabolic disease
- Physiologic process becomes deranged; dysfunctions of endocrine system; ex: DM
- Infectious disease
- Disease resulting from infection; due to infectious agent: bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, helminths; many are contagious
- Gammopathy
- Immunoproliferative disorder characterized by abnormal proliferation of lymphoid cells producing immunoglobulins
- Oncology
- Study of neoplasia
- Neoplastic disease
- Cells multiplying w/o control; invade/destroy/spread to tissue
- Deficiency disease
- Due to absence of chemical substance, mineral, vitamin
- Infection
- Entry and dev't or multiplication of an infectious agent in body
- Carcinoma
- Malignant neoplasm (cancer) arising from epithelial cells
- Acute
- Short course; swift onset; often severe
- Neutrophilia
- Increase in neutrophils in blood
- Malignant neoplasm
- Ability to invade, infiltrate, metastasize; unregulated autonomous growth
- A/G ratio
- Albumin:Globulin ratio in the blood serum, plasma, urine, body fluids
- Pathogenesis
- Sequence of events in development of disease
- Epithelioid cell
- Large phagocytes w/ prominent/pale nuclei; seen in lesions of granulomatous inflammation
- Primary immune response
- Occurs after initial contact w/ antigen
- Croupous membrane [(pseudo)membranous croup]
- Result of a fibrinous exudate forming a membrane-like deposit
- Zoonosis
- Disease transmissible under natural conditions
- Antigen
- Substance that can stimulate the body to form antibodies; immune response
- Granulomatous inflammation
- Characterized by formation of granulomas; usually chronic
- Second/Intermediate host
- Parasite is in a larval or asexual state
- Cytophilic antibodies (cytotropic antibodies)
- Antibodies with affinity for cells; bound to lymphocyte or macrophage surfaces
- Intercurrent disease
- Attacks a person already ill of another disease; common in elderly
- Immunologic tolerance (antigenic paralysis, immunologic unresponsiveness, antigen tolerance)
- Response characterized by dev't of specific nonreactivity of lymphoid tissue to a particular antigen
- Phlegmon
- Inflammation of connective tissue; often leads to ulceration, abscess
- Immunity
- Nonsusceptibility to invasive, pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or toxic effect of antigenic substances; state to resist harmful agents
- Lymphopenia
- Reduction in lymphocytes in blood
- Ulcer
- Break in continuity of epithelium; exposure of underlying connective tissue
- Disease
- Disturbance of structure or function of body or its parts; imbalance; lack of health
- Phagocytosis
- Phagocytes engulf microorganisms, other cells, foreign particulates
- Granuloma
- Tumor like mass; nodule of granulation; growing fibroblasts and capillary buds; assoc w/ infectious disease
- Surgical Pathology
- Study of organs and tissues removed surgically
- Inherited or familial (genetic) inherent in chromosomes
- Transmitted to offspring via genes
- Fever
- Above normal body temp; pyrexia
- Atopy
- Hypersensitivity state where lgE participates in the altered immune response; ex: hay fever, asthma, eczema
- Cancer
- Any malignant neoplasm
- Latent infection
- Sub-clinical
- Anatomic Pathology
- Study of structure (morphology) of cells, organs, tissues in disease; includes autopsy (necropsy), surgical pathology, and cytology
- Diphtheritic membrane
- False membrane; result from coagulation necrosis
- Purulent (suppurative) inflammation
- Characterized by formation of puss
- Metastasis
- Spread of neoplasm via lymphatic vessels or blood stream
- Teratoma
- Benign or malignant neoplasm composed of multiple tissue types
- Adjuvant
- Substance when mixed w/ antigen, enhances antigenicity
- Communicable disease (contagious)
- Through transmission of a causative infectious agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host
- Symptoms
- Subjective complaints of the patient
- Tumor (neoplasm)
- Swelling
- Infestation
- Lodgment, dev't, and reproduction of anthropods on body surface or clothing
- Hapten
- Substance (part of antigen) that combines with antibody but doesn't induce antibody formation unless attached to higher wt carrier
- Occupational disease
- Result of exposure to work enviro; ex: fumes, particles, stress
- Catarrhal inflammation
- Affects mucus surface; marked by copious discharge of mucus and epithelial debris
- Opsonin
- Serum substance (antibody) coats particulates (bacteria) to promote phagocytosis
- Pyrogen
- Fever producing substance
- Leukocyte chemotaxis
- Mvt of leukocytes toward chemical reaction; part of inflammatory response
- Resistance
- Barriers to progress of invasion/multiplication/damage
- Absolute leukocytosis
- Increase in ttl # of leukocytes in blood
- Leukocytosis
- Increase in leukocytes in blood; caused by hemorrhage, fever, inflammation, infection
- Fibrinous inflammation
- Exudate characterized by coagulated fibrin
- Prevalence
- Frequency of disease at a particular time
- Iatrogenic disease
- Induced accidentally by action of physician, vet...
- Mortality
- # of deaths
- Pathogenicity
- Capacity of infectious agent to cause disease in susceptible host
- Graft
- Any tissue/organ for implantation/transplantation
- Complement fixation
- Fixation of complement to an antibody-antigen complex
- Transfer factor
- Substance occurring in T-lymphocytes w/ capacity to transfer delayed hypersensitivity to a normal (non-reactive) ind.
- Metastases
- New growths occurring after lodgement in remote sites
- Etiology
- Cause of disease; precipitating causes are conditional; predisposing causes include malnutrition, chronic disease, genetics...
- Latent Period
- Time b/w exposure to carcinogen and dev't of tumor
- Anaphylaxis
- Systemic form of immediated hypersensitivity
- Immunologic memory
- Rapid response w/ greater intensity to subsequent antigen challenge
- Traumatic disease
- Due to direct physical injury: fractures, sprains, wounds; physical agents closely allied: heat, cold, electrical, irradiation
- Hereditary disease (familial)
- Transmitted through family members; one generation to next
- Active immunity
- Acquired as a result of exposure to antigen; via natural infection or vaccination
- Promoter
- Substance that acts to lower the threshold level of action of inducers; increases possibility for malignant transformations
- Fulminating disease
- Acute disease that quickly proves fatal
- Signs
- Objective findings of clinician
- Xenograft (heterograft)
- Graft received from dif specie
- Pre-cancerous lesion
- Abnormal cells and cell arrangement prior to cancer onset
- Relative leukocytosis
- Increase in proportion of leukocytes in blood, w/o increasing ttl #
- Empyema
- Accumulation of pus in a cavity; when used w/o descriptive qualifier=referred to as thoracic empyema
- Graft versus host reaction (GVH)
- Immune response of grafted cells (hematopoietic) against host
- Exfoliative Cytology
- Microscopic exam of cells desquamated from body surface; detects premalignant vs malignant change; ex: pap smear
- Lymphocytosis
- Excess of lymphocytes in circulating blood or effusion
- Passive immunity
- Acquired as a result of maternal antibody or injection of antibody
- Hypersensitivity (allergy)
- Altered reactivity; host mounts an exaggerated immune response to antigen
- Inflammation
- Localized protective response to injury or tissue destruction; serves to destroy, dilute, wall off (sequester) injurious agent and injury tissue
- Langhan's giant cell
- Composed of epithelioid cells; large/irregular shape; homogeneous cytoplasm; nuclei wreath; component of granulomatous inflammation lesions
- Communicable period
- Time in which a disease can be transmitted
- Oncogenic virus
- Capable of inducing a neoplasm
- Carcinoma-in-situ
- Neoplastic cells w/ malignancy but not extending or metastasizing
- Innate (natural) immunity
- Based on genetic constitution
- Exudate
- Material escaped from blood vessels and deposited in tissue; result of inflammation; high content of protein
- Biopsy
- Surgical removal and exam of tissue; excitional or incisional
- Prognosis
- Prediction of disease outcome
- Syngraft (isograft)
- Derived from a synegneic donor: identical twins or inbred animals
- Chronic
- Long term; slow onset; continuation of acute; unresolved
- Hemorrhagic inflammation
- Exudate characterized by extravasated blood; high RBC present in exudate
- Tumor progression
- With time, neoplasm becomes more malignant
- Antigen determinant
- Small, 3D everted surface configuration on the antigen molecule; reacts w/ antibody
- Sporadic disease
- Occasional, scattered episodes
- Erosion
- Superficial loss of epithelium; healing w/o scarring
- Pyogenis
- Producing pus; pyopoietic
- Exacerbation
- Increase in severity of S&S
- Immunize
- Rendering an ind resistant/immune to harmful agent
- Reservoir
- Where infectious agent lives, multiplies, depend for survival, reproduces
- Immunologic enhancement of tumor
- Immunologic destruction by lymphocytes and macrophages is blocked
- Transformation
- In oncology: change that normal cell undergoes as it becomes malignant
- Anaplasia
- Loss of specialization, organization, differentiation of cells
- Nonspecific immunity
- Includes lysozyme and interferon activity, phagocytosis, inflammatory response, chemical/physical barriers to infection
- Incidence
- Frequency of occurrence
- Antibody
- Produced by the body's immune system in response to a foreign substance (antigen)
- Epidemic disease
- Attacks many members of community at same time; derived from common source
- Pus
- Liquid inflammation product made up of cells (leukocytes and neutrophils ) and liquor puris (thin fluid)
- Pathognomic lesion
- Lesion specific for a certain disease
- Secondary immune response (anamnestic)
- Occurs faster, w/ greater intensity and duration, upon re-exposure to antigen; via booster shots
- Allograft (allogeneic)
- B/w individuals of same species but dif genotype
- Remission
- Temporary cessation of S&S