Microbio midterm 1
Terms
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- Mycologist
- a person who studies fungi
- John Tyndall
- demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms, provided evidence for the existence of heat-resistant bacteria
- sporulation/sporogenesis
- endospore formation within a vegetative cell
- Blood agar
- differentiate between hemolytic vs. non hemolytic bacteria
- Carbon source
- heterotroph(organic molecules), autotroph(carbon dioxide)
- Louis Pasteur
- created the swan-neck flask to finally disprove the theory of spontaneous generation
- Mycoplasma
- do not have a cell wall, non-motile, lipids called sterols in PM, stain gram negative
- porins
- protein embeddded in the membrane that makes the channel
- defined/synthetic media
- a medium in which all components and their concentrations are known
- Bacteriologist
- a person who studies bacteria
- MacConkey Agar
- inhibit gram positive bacteria with bile salts and crystal violet
- Spontaneous Generation
- the belief that living organisms could develop from nonliving matter
- Joseph Lister
- developed a system of surgery that was designed to prevent microorganisms from enthering wounds by using phenol to kill bacteria
- bacilli
- single rods, diplobacilli, streptobacilli
- Sources of nitrogen
- organic molecules, ammonia, nitrate via assimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrogen gas via nitrogen fixation
- gram negative
- 4 thin pink direct linkage LPS
- MSA
- mannitol salt agar; differentiates between mannitol fermenters vs. nonfermenters
- enriched media
- general purpose medias supplemented by blood or other special nutrients, does not supress the growth of microorganisms and will encourage growth of a certain microorganism
- Macroelements(macronutrients)(10)
- C(50%),O(20%),H(8%),N(14%),S(2%),P(2%),K,Ca,Mg,Fe
- siderophores
- low weight organic molecules; siderophores bind to iron from outside and binds to siderophore-receptor protein on membrane and iron released into cell or complex transported into cell(E.coli's enterobactins)
- Names
- energy, electron, carbon source
- Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
- the first person to observe and accurately describe bacteria
- Antiporter
- sodium transported in e.coli by antiporter
- Simple staining
- basic dyes; for info on size, shape and arragement of cells
- fixing
- attaches the microorganism to the slide, kills the microorganism, preserves internal and external structures of the microorganism in their natural state(heat and chemicla)
- endospore stain
- MS (malachite green safranin)
- differntial staining
- divide bacteria into separate groups based on staining properties(gram stain, acid fast, endospore stain, negative stain, flagella stain)
- Virologist
- a person who studies virsuses
- vibrio
- curved rods
- General purpose media
- supports the growth of many miccroorganisms
- Negative stain
- Acidic dye; used to look at capsules
- Basic dyes
- positively charged (methylene blue, crystal violet, malachite green, safranin)
- complex media
- contains some ingredients of unknown composition and/or concentration, used when if you don't know the nutritional needs of a particular bacterium or if you want a general pur[ose media that will seve the purposes of many different microorganisms
- acidic dyes
- negatively charged(eosin, acid fusion, congo red)
- The Germ theory of disease
- Louis Pasteur's theory that microorganisms might be responsible for causing disease
- selective media
- favours the growth of some microorganisms while inhibition the growth of others(examples: EMB, MacConkey Agar)
- ABC transporters
- Active transport system
- lysozyme
- breaks NAM NAG bonds
- Group translocation
- requires no concentration gradient(ex.PTS system)
- NAM
- n-acetylmuramic acid
- spheroplast
- gram negative that last peptidoglycan
- spirochetes
- helical shpae, flexible body
- NAG
- n-acetylglucosamin
- protoplast
- gram positive that lost its cell wall
- Micronutrients(trace elements) (6)
- Mn, Mo, Zn, Co, Ni, Cu
- Growth factors
- amino acids, purines and pyrimidies, vitamins
- acid fast stain
- CAM (Carbolfushin, Acid-alcohol, methylene blue); acid-fast=red non acidfast=blue
- Flagella stain
- MC (mordant, carbolfushin)
- EMB
- differentiate between lactose fermenters(E.coli) vs. nonfermenters(Pseudomonas sp.)
- Energy source
- Phototroph(light), chemotroph(oxidation of chemical compounds)
- facilitated diffusion
- use proteins called transporters(channel proteins and carrier proteins)
- 5 types of nutritional classes
- photolithoautotroph, photoorganoheterotroph,chemolithoautotroph, chemolithoheterotroph, chemoorganoheterotroph
- Phycologist
- a person who studies algae
- sources of sulfur
- sulfate and reduce it by sulfate reduction
- penicillin
- inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
- EMB
- eoxin methylene blue agar, selects for gram-negative bacteria
- Protozoologist
- a person who studies protozoa
- spirilla
- helical shape and rigid body
- Francesco Redi
- the first person to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation by 'meat and maggot' experiments
- Electron souce
- lithotroph(reduced inorganic substances), organotroph(organic compounds)
- Gram positive
- 2 thick purple peptide interbridge teichoic acid endospore
- Process of pasteurization
- developed by Louis pasteur, heat the beverage just enought to kill most of the bacteria that caused spoilage
- peptidoglycan destroyed by
- lysozyme and penicillin
- Robert Koch
- Father of Microbiological laboratory, provided first proof that microorganisms could cause human disease by finding out what caused anthrax
- Gram stain
- CIAS
- Koch's postulates
- 1.the suspected pathogenic organism should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals, 2.the suspected organism should be grown in pure culture, 3.cellsf rom a pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal, 4.the organism should be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original
- Symporter
- lactose transported into e.coli by lac permease
- Sources of phosphorus
- inorganic phosphorus which is directly incorporated into their cells
- cocci
- diplococci, streptococci(chain), staphylcocci(grape), tetrads(in 4s), sarcianae(in 8)
- chemical fixation
- ethahol, methanol, acetic acid, formaldehyde added to smear for 1 min.
- Simple diffusion
- passes water, co2, o2, fatty acids
- Differential media
- allows one to distinguish between different groups of microorganisms based on their biological characteristcs (example: Blood agar, EMB, MSA)
- Active transport
- uses transmembrane carrier protiens and uses energy (ex. ABC transporters)
- Exceptions to Koch's postulates
- 1.sometimes the microorgansim might not be able to be cultured in the lab, 2.some diseases, although they have similar symptoms are caused by different microorganisms, 3.some microorganisms cause several different disease,4. ethical considerations
- pleomorphic
- variable in shape
- coccobacilli
- oval and may appear cocci