Psychopathology Substance Abuse
Terms
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- Depressants
- Sedatives that are calming (barbituates), hypnotic that are sleep inducing, anxiolytic that are anxiety reducing (benzos), effects like large doses of alcohol, all influence GABA
- Withdrawl
- Unpleasant side effects as drugs leave your system
- Cocaine
- Short lived vigor and reduce fatigue, blocks reuptake of dopamine, slow addiction development, can by psychologically addicted too
- Substance intoxication
- Injesting a substance so much that you recieve a physiological high
- Substance Related Disorders
- Use and abuse of psychoactive drugs, psychophysiological and behavioral effects, significant impairment and costs
- Intermittent Explosive Disorder
- Rare, Frequent aggressive outbursts, leads to injury or destruction, few controlled treatment studies
- Stacking
- Using more than one steroid at the same time
- Amphetamine
- Produce elation, vigor and reduce fatigue, folled by fatigue and depression, enhance release and blocks reuptake of norephrine and dopamine, hallucinations and stay awake for days, get older appearence, high BP, heart racing, chills, nausea,
- Marijuana
- Tetrahydrocannabinol, brings mood swings, paranoia, hallucinations, impairment in motivation, legal form is marinol, withdrawal and dependence uncommon
- Kleptomania
- Can't resist stealing unnecessary items, rare, comorbid with mood disorder and substance abuse disorders
- Pyromania
- Irresistable urge to set fires, less than 4% of arsonists, little etiological and treatment research
- Opiods
- Heroin, Opium, codeine, morphine, mortality rates high for addicts, at increased risk for HIV
- Social and Cultural Dimensions
- Exposure to drugs by media family and peers, see parents using it and think its acceptable, societal views of abuse as either a sign of moral weakness in a failure of self control or sign of a disease caused by underlying processes
- Hallucination Persisting Syndrome
- Hallucinations and psychotic side affects that persist past drug usage, usually from LSD
- Opiate
- Narcotic like chemical in the opium poppy
- Cycling
- Using steriods for an amount of time, then witholding from using them, them using them again
- Pathological gambling
- 3-5% of adult Americans, treatment similar to substance dependence, treatment studies underway
- Substance abuse
- Using a substance and it causes impairment and problems for you, spend time getting high and finding drug
- Wernickes Disease
- Long time deficiency of vitamen B, confused state, lose muscle coordination early on, from alcohol
- Aversive treatment
- Drugs that make use of the drugs extremely unpleasant, antabuse for alcoholism, silver nitrate for nicotine, can use psychological treatment that pictures self sick after drug use
- Principle of Equifinality
- Different ways to get to the same end, whether biological or social reasons, everyone ends up addicted
- Addiction
- Compulsive engagement in reinforcing behavior, not a DSM term, even though dependence established it is only an addiction if in social context
- Clonodine
- Helps people with withdrawal symptoms as they are trying to get off drugs, same with benzodiazopene and tricyclics
- Comprehensive treatment and prevention program
- Throws in all treatments, individual and group therapy with aversion therapy and convert sensitization, contingency management (stim control), community reinforcement, relapse prevention, preventative efforts via education
- Hallucinogens
- Alter perceptions of the world, produce delusions, paranoia and hallucinations, pupils dialate,
- Inhalants
- Found in volatile solvents, breathed into lungs, rapidly absorbed and dispersed and similar to alcohol intoxication, tolerance and prolonged withdrawal, risk death with use, risk liver and renal damage, eats away at your brain
- Agonist Substitution
- Substitute safer drug with similar chemical composition, methodone or nicotine gum, doesn't work alone, need CBT
- Biological influence
- Runs in families, genetic predisposition, diathesis for alcohol is tolerance, temperamental characteristic, psychopathology and/or dopamine NT system sensitivity
- Impulse control disorders
- Increased anxiety prior to an act, sense of relief following an act, more like OCD, impairment of social and occupational functioning, most are rare
- Substance use
- Injesting a substance
- Depressant Characteristics
- Depress inhibitory centers of the brain, lose motor control, slur speech, memory loss, can depress conscious awareness, specific target is GABA but affects several neurotransmitters
- Vascular Dementia
- Stepwise pattern of worsening, lose major functioning, then stable, then major loss, mind is first to go then muscles, from alcohol
- Progression to Drug Abuse
- No use, use, misuse, abuse, dependence
- Opiod withdrawl symptoms
- Can be lasting a severe, comparable to having a week long flu
- Family and Genetic influence
- Has genetic component, most focus on alcoholism, genetic differences in alcohol metabolism, how liver processes drug, how fast it clears your body, gender differences in metabolizing alcohol
- Trichotillomania
- Can't resist pulling hair, 1-5% college students, mostly female, warning sign for anxiety disroders, Clomipramine and antipsychotics have nasty side effects, Habit Reversal Therapy is CBT that is better than meds
- Ecstasy and Ice
- Amphetamines, effects similar to speed but no comedown, 2% college students use, both have high risk of dependence
- Psychosocial Treatments
- Inpatient and outpatient care are both equally bad, controlled use encouraged in europe, abstinence encouraged in US, Community support programs like AA strongly encouraged, goal is social support
- Substance dependence
- If you experience tolerance or withdrawl to a substance
- Alcohol
- Most adults view selves as light users, 50% US uses, 15 million Americans dependent, rates highest among caucasians and native americans, males use more, associated with violence due to inhibition loss
- Stimulant Characteristics
- Most widly consumed drug in US, increase alertness and energy, amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine and caffeine
- Neurobiological influence
- Drugs affects pleasure center of brain like dopamine, midbrain and frontal cortex, Gaba inhibited which turns off inhibition of pleasure center,
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- Can range mild to serious, ADHD, mental retardation, physical deformaties that resemble downs
- Opiod characteristics
- Substances that produce narcotic effects, activate body's enkephalins and endorphins, fatal in high doses, referred to as analgesics, make you drowsy so you don't notice the pain, doesn't target sourse of pain
- Psychological influence
- Reinforcement from self medication and tension reduction, means to cope with negative affect, cycle of reward and punishment so that one learns if they drink alcohol they delay the punishment, expectancies influence drug use and relapse
- Behavioral CBT Approaches
- Functional analysis is stimulus control where you don't put yourself in the situations that you normally do the bad behavior, coping skills training, cognitive restructuring
- LSD
- Most common hallucinogenic drug, rapid tolerance, uncommon withdrawal symptoms, can produce psychotic delusions and halluciations
- Nicotine
- Stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to produce relaxation and pleasure, highly addictive, relapse rates same as alcohol and heroin, users keep steady level in their bloodstream
- Designer Drugs
- Produced by pharmaceutical companines for a disease, ecstasy, MDEA, ketamine, heighten auditory and vsual perception, can produce dependence and tolerance
- Tolerance
- Must up the amount of substance taken to get same high
- Caffiene
- Blocks reuptake of adenosine, small doses elevate mood and reduce fatigue, 90% america uses, can result in tolerance and dependence,
- Integrative model
- Exposure or access to a drug is necessary, drug use depends on social and cultural expectancies, used for pleasurable effects, stress interacting with pschological, genetic, societal and learning factors
- Antagonist Substitution
- Drugs that block or counteract pleasurable drug effects, naltrexone for opiate
- Delirium Tremors
- Hallucinations and big body shakes, serious withdrawl sympton from alcohol
- Jellineks Model
- Prealcoholic stage with no consequences for drinking, Prodromal stage with heaving drinking and few outward signs, Crucial stage with frequent binges most nights, chronic stage with most activities of individual consumed with getting more alcohol
- Anabolic Steroids
- Synthesized from testosterone, use to increase body mass, long term mood disturbances and physical problems, reverse anorexia or muslce dysmorphia, can be used for asthma or allergies