Ap Euro semester 1

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Hobbes: English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)
Constitutionalism: government in which power is distributed and limited by a system of laws that must be obeyed by the rulers
Voltaire: (1694-1778) wrote satires which attacked various aspects of society; Candide
English Civil War: civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I
Abbe Sieyes: Wrote an essay called "What is the 3rd estate" Argued that lower classes were more important than the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people.
The Fronde: a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism
Peace of Utrect: limited the extent to which France could expand and restored the balance of powers
Jesuits: The Society of Jesus is a religious order of men within the Roman Catholic Church formed under the inspiration of Ignatius of Loyola
Mercantilism: government regulation of economic activity
Desiderius Erasmus: Wrote Praise of Folly; believed that everybody should study the Bible
Henry IV: Henry of Navarre; was protestant but did not wish to anger catholics. Said "Paris is well worth a mass"
William and Mary: Joint monarchs that ruled after glorious revolution under constitutional monarchy
Glorious Revolution: in Britain, nonviolent overthrow of the government of James II that resulted in the reign of William and Mary
Absolutism: The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally.
War of Three Henrys: war for secular power, between Henry of Navarre, Henry VIII and Henry of guise
Charles VI of Austria: Instituted the Pragmatic Sanction, forbidding the Hapsburg lands from ever dividing
Napoleon's Continental System: attempt to stop British goods form reaching Europe, but failed
Secularism: a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations
John Locke: English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)
Prussian Junkers: Threatened to be destroyed by Frederick William I, but instead enlisted them into the army
Adam Smith: Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations and designed modern Capitalism
Council of Trent: Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
Deductive reasoning: Descartes; reached from previously known facts
Leonardo da Vinci: Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, engineer, scientist and architect
Colbert: Louis IV's minister
Philip II: king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary Tudor
Golden Century of Spain: The influence of Spanish armies, Catholicism, and wealth felt all over Europe in the 16th Century
Ivan the Terrible: first czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war
Masaccio: Tribute Money, the Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden, Brancacci Chapel, Florence, Italy
Geocentric: models of the universe based on the assumption that the sun, moon, and planets all orbit Earth
Transubstantiation: the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist
Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor; King of Spain; Summoned Diet of Worms
Nepotism: The practice of rewarding relatives with church positions.
Individualism: Concern for the capability and uniqueness of the individual personality
Thomas More: refused to sign the Act of Succession because he wouldn't recognize Henry VIII as head of the Church and was killed in 1535; wrote Utopia
Maximilien Robespierre: "The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue.
Causes of the Reformation: spread of new ideas, corruption of the Catholic Church, invention of the Printing Press
Jan van Eyck: Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting
Navigation Acts: Laws passed by the British to control colonial trade
Frederick William the Great Elector: laid the foundation for the Prussian state; built an army of 40,000 men to protect Prussia
Hundred Days War: napoleon's last bid for power
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden: Protestant hero of the Thirty Years War; France supported him because they wanted to keep Germany split up.
Treaty of Westphalia: 1648, ended the 30 Year War and created the state system.
Tetzel: northern german clergyman who sold indulgences, representing the spiritual corruption of the church
Maria Theresa: mother of Marie Antoinette, had to fight off Prussia as soon as she ascended the throne
Enlightened Monarch: political change could best come from the rulers and not the people
Anabaptist: rejected infant baptism and believed that a person should choose their own faith.
Raphael: best known for his Madonnas and for his large figure compositions in the Vatican in Rome.
Putting out system: The Cottage Industry; was eliminated with all the development of new machines and inventions in Britain
Popolo: italian underclass; a new force that disenfranchised and heavily taxed the people bitterly for being excluded from holding power. They used armed force and violence to take over the government. (p.416-417)
Castiglione: Book of the Courtier
Vasco de Gama: Portuguese explorer who reached India (1497-1499)
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes: Campaign against Huguenots in order to unify France.
Copernicus: Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe
Giotto: Florentine painter who gave up the stiff Byzantine style and developed a more naturalistic style
Rousseau: believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property
Cottage Industry: first form of Capitalism
Scientific Revolution: the era of scientific thought in Europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned
Titian: old master of the Venetian school (1490-1576)
Newton: wrote Principia in 1687. Made the 3 laws of mechanics and law of gravity. He also invented calculus.
Deism: the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation
Heliocentric: Theory that sun is center of the universe
High Renaissance Artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Titian
Estates General: The French national assembly summoned in 1789 to remedy the financial crisis
Communes: They were sworn associations of free men seeking complete political and economic independence from local nobles.
Women in the Renaissance: were often well read and educated, though this was discouraged by most men
Cossacks: free groups and outlaw armies of peasants who fled the tzar and service nobility
Niccolo Machiavelli: Statesmen and historian; wrote The Prince
Thermidorean Reaction: A reaction against the violence of the Reign of Terror that executed Robespierre
Union of Utrecht: The union created for the Netherlands that granted their independence against Spain
Italian City-states: Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples
James II: closet Catholic, fled to France during Glorious Revolution
Crop Rotation: rotating crops in a cycle so that the nutrients in the soil are not exhausted
Kepler: German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)
Jan Hus: Czechoslovakian religious reformer who anticipated the Reformation
Michelangelo: carved David (1501-04) which served as the symbol for the new Republic of Florence.
Inquisition: A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.
Rabelais: France's most popular Renaissance author. Rejected the Middle Age's focus on the afterlife and believed that people should enjoy life to the fullest
Protestant ethics: the self denying approach to life(financial success was a sign god was on their side so they began to live frugal lives saving their money)
Phases of the Thirty Years War: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French
Oligarchy: a political system governed by a few privileged people
Royal societies: an honorary English society (formalized in 1660 and given a Royal Charter by Charles II in 1662) through which the British government has supported science
100 Year's War: (1337-1453) Large war between France and England that was fueled by territorial disagreements and started when Edward III declared himself king of France. In the end, it weakened both countries for some time
Huguenots: French Calvinists
Zwingli: Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531)
Charles II: King of England and Scotland and Ireland during the Restoration (1630-1685)
Mary Wollstonecraft: English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women (daughter Mary Shelly, author of Frankenstein)
Galileo: Invented the experimental method, formulated the law of inertia, provided evidence for the Copernican theory
Reign of Terror: the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed
Mazarin: Richelieu's successor regarding centralization in France, ruled France during Louis XIV's childhood
Declaration of the Rights of Man: Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution
Brahe: Compiled the first detailed observational data on planetary motion (mars), without a telescope.
Edward Jenner: introduced a vaccine to prevent small pox
Italian Renaissance: time of transition from medieval to modern times characterized by intellectual and political expansion as well as the rebirth of culture
Boyle: Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691)
Puritans: They hoped for prosperity, demanded the purification of the Church of England, and objected certain practices from Catholics.
Indulgences: remission of the punishment for sin by the clergy in return for services or payments
Spanish Armada: the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588 that failed miserably
Simony: The selling of church offices.
Henry VIII: English king that left the catholic church and started the Church of England
Hermandades: Hermandades or "brotherhoods" were popular groups in the town. They were given authority to act as both local police forces and as a judicial panel. (p.443)
Simony, Nepotism, Indulgences: Abuses of Church Power
Diet of Worms: Charles V's assembly of German estates that declared Luther's teachings heretical.
Northern Renaissance: the movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature
Prince Henry the Navigator: Financed Portugal's explorers
Medici Family: Dominating family of Florence,acquired wealth through banking. Spent lots of money on art.
English Reformation: Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church.
Witch hunts: spread by religious reformers' preachings about the Devil and severe economic hardships (1560-1660)
War of the Roses: struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII
Donatello: Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466)
Catholic Reformation: Attempt to reform abuses in the Catholic Church in the 1500's
Hapsburg-Valois War: A dynastic struggle between France and Germany that advanced the cause of Protestantism and political fragmentation of the German Empire
Mary Tudor: Queen who succeeded Edward VI and attempted to return Catholicism to England by persecuting Protestants.
John Wycliff: Criticized the church & believed in personal interpretation of scripture. Together with Jan Hus he set the stage for the Protestant Reformation.
Richelieu: Louis XIII's chief advisor
95 Theses: statements attacking the Catholic Church's practices.
Edict of Nantes: 1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
Salons: informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and other exchanged enlightenment ideas
Boccaccio: He wrote "The Decameron" and was an italian writer who lived during the black death.
Bartholomew Diaz: Portuguese explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope, but was forced to turn back
Harvey: English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood
Leon Battista Alberti: "Men can do all things if they will." idea of the universal man.
Elizabeth I: English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise
Sully: Henry IV's chief financial minister
Leonardo Bruni: wrote "New Cicero" which has the idea that humanists believe that their studies of humanism should be put to the service of the state.
Oliver Cromwell: English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658); Lord Protector of England
Brunelleschi: Florence Cathedral Dome
Vernacular: the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)
Antwerp: Each day, as many as five-thousand merchants gathered in this northern Dutch city to trade goods.
Frederick the Great: king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786; won the War of Austrian Succession
Renaissance Art: 3D, responded to light/shading, religious and everyday situations, active and looked real
Defenestration of Prague: The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War.
Predestination: idea that God determines man's salvation before birth
Peter the Great: czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government
Anglicanism: Upholding to the teachings of the Church of England as defined by Elizabeth I.
Signori: despots who controlled much of Italy by 1300.
Quinto: The Spanish monarchy acted on the mercantilism principle that the colonies existed for financial benefit. The crown claimed the quinto, gold and silver, as being the most important industry in the Spanish colonies. (p.512)
Calvinism: the theological system emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone
Edward IV: Returned to Protestant rule after the death of his father
English Bill of Rights: King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.
Medieval Art: religious, often showed Jesus or saints, flat, brightly colored (red with gold background) larger than surroundings; always clothed
despots: Absolute and irresponsible monarchs.
Escorial: A Spanish monastery and palace built by Philip II.
Girolamo Savonarola: a Dominican friar in Florence who preached against sin and corruption and gained a large following; he expelled the Medici from Florence but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope; wanted to overthrow the Medici Dynasty
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre: rioting and slaughter killed Huguenots in France, caused the War of Three Henrys; (August 25-October 3, 1527)
Low Countries: Netherlands
Peace of Augsburg: A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany; didn't acknowledge Calvinism
Avignon Papacy: the period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome
Petrarch: "Father of Humanism." studied classical Greek and Latin. introduced emotion in "Sonnets to Laura"
ciompi: poor, propertyless workers who revolted in Florence in 1378.
National Assembly: French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789
Montesquieu: French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)
Joan of Arc: French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king
Printing Press: invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for propaganda
Inductive reasoning: Bacon; conjecture based on a pattern of examples or past events
John Knox: Scottish theologian and Calvinist who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572)
Early Renaissance Artists: Giotto, Masaccio, Donatello, Boccaccio, and Petrarch
Gothic Art: A dark period of art during the Middle Ages that was scorned by Renaissance contemporaries
Lorenzo Valla: On Pleasure, and On the False Donation of Constantine, which challenged the authority of the papacy. Father of modern historical criticism.
Martin Luther: German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
Charles I: son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland; was deposed and executed by Oliver Cromwell
Humanism: an intellectual movement that drove the Renaissance
Colombian Exchange: The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages
lunatic: insane and believed to be affected by the phases of the moon
Pico della Mirandola: philosopher who wrote On the Dignity of Man
Counter Reformation: the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)
Frederick William I: The Soldier's King; built up an army but never used it
War of Spanish Succession: (1701-1714) Resulted from Louis XIV being offered the Spanish throne. All of Europe attacked France in this war.
Ignatius Loyola: Catholic priest that established the Jesuits
Michel de Montaigne: Developed the essay form. Skepticism, doubt that rue knowledge could be obtained.
Consubstantiation: The bread and wine undergo a spiritual change.
Pragmatic Sanction: Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa gained the throne.
Tennis Court Oath: the national assembly swore to never separate and to constantly meet until they wrote a fair constitution. it came about because the third estate claimed they were the National Assembly, so they invited people from the other estates to help them write their constitution
Baroque Art: art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit
Babylonian Captivity: The nickname for the transport of the church to Avignon in reference to the deportation of the Jews in the Old Testament

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Number of cards 175