Science Chapter 6 Vocab
Terms
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- Isoelectronic
- Having the same electron configurations
- angstrom
- 10^-10 meter
- Ionization Energy
- The minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely held electron of an isolated gaseous atom or ion
- Excited State
- Any state other than the ground state of an atom or molecule
- S Orbital
- A spherically symmetrical atomic orbital; one per energy level
- subsidiary quantum number (l)
- the quantum mechanical solution to a wave equation that designates the sublevel, or set of orbitals, within a given major energy level in which an electron resides
- quantum mechanics
- a mathematical method of treating particles on the basis of quantum theory, which assumes that energy is not infinitely divisible
- Atomic Orbital
- The region or volume in space in which the probability of finding electrons is highest
- nanometer
- 10^-9 meter
- Aufbau Principle
- Describes the order in which electrons fill orbitals in atoms
- Pauli Exclusion Principle
- No two electrons in the same atom may have identical sets of four quantum numbers
- Atomic Radius
- The radius of an atom
- Inner Transitional Elements
- Elements 58 through 71 and 90 through 103
- Magnetic quantum number ml
- quantum mechanical solution to a wave equation that designates the particular orbital within a given set in which an electron resides
- Period
- A horizontal row in the periodic table
- spin quantum number (ms)
- the quantum mechanical solution to a wave equation that indicates the relative spins of electrons
- Atomic Number
- The number of protons, defines the identity of the element
- nuclide symbol
- symbol for an atom zA E in which E is the symbol for an element z is the atomic number and A is its mass number
- Electronegativity
- A measure of the relative tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself when chemically combined with another atom
- alpha particle
- a helium ion with 2+ charge; 2 protons and 2 neutrons
- quantum numbers
- numbers that describe the energies of electrons in atoms; derived from quantum mechanical treatment
- Degenerate
- Of the same energy
- Ionic Radius
- The radius of an ion
- Ground State
- The lowest energy state or most stable state of an atom, molecule, or ion
- Electron Configuration
- Specific distribution of electrons in the atomic orbitals of atoms or ions
- Heisenberg uncertainty principle
- it is impossible to determine accurately both the momentum and position of an electron simultaneously
- Principle Quantum Number
- The quantum mechanical solution to a wave equation that designates the major energy level, or shell, in which an electron resides
- D Orbitals
- Beginning in the third energy level, a set of five degenerate orbitals per energy level
- Hund's Rule
- All orbitals of a given sublevel must be occupied by single electrons before pairing begins
- F Orbitals
- Beginning in the fourth energy level, a set of seven degenerate orbitals per energy level
- Effective Nuclear Charge
- Charge experienced by the outermost electrons of an atom: the actual nuclear charge minus the effects of shielding due to inner shell electrons
- P orbitals
- Beginning with the second energy level, a set of three mutually perpendicular, equal-arm, dumbell shaped atomic orbitals per energy level
- Periodicity
- Regular periodic variations of properties of elements with atomic number
- Noble Gases
- Rare gases or inert gases
- electron affinity
- the amount of energy absorbed in the process in which an electron is added to a neutral isolated gaseous atom to form a gaseous ion with a 1- charge; has a negative value if energy is released
- Group
- A vertical column in the periodic table