Honors Bio Test (2/15)
- Cell transport
- Respiratory system
- Urinary system
- Osmosis
- Diffusion
- Active and passive transport (+ endocytosis)
- Hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions
Format: multiple choice, matching labelling of diagrams, open ended questions 1 or 2 (not more than 75 points)
- Respiratory system
- Urinary system
- Osmosis
- Diffusion
- Active and passive transport (+ endocytosis)
- Hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions
Format: multiple choice, matching labelling of diagrams, open ended questions 1 or 2 (not more than 75 points)
Terms
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- Passive Transport
- - No ATP needed - Molecules like CO₂, O₂, H₂O, Glucose (small, non-polar, lipid-soluble) - Through processes like diffusion and osmosis
- Active Transport
- - Requires ATP - Example includes pinocytic vesicles engulfing water molecules and absorbing them into the cell - From low to high concentration - "Pumps" / Protein
- Sugar
- - Involved in cell recognition
- Cell Membrane
- - Fluid mosaic model - Considered fluid because individual molecules can move side-to-side within the layer, like it's a liquid
- Endocytosis
- - Engulfment
- Exocytosis
- - Moving large particles out of the cell - Wastes often carried in vesicles that fuse with the membrane
- Channel Proteins
- - Integral proteins that charged (polar) molecules can fit through
- Glycocalyx
- - Sugar chains
- Cholesterol
- - Only in animal cell membrane (make it more fluid)
- Extracellular
- - Outside the cell
- Intracellular
- - Inside the cell
- Intercellular
- - Between cells
- Proteins in (Cell) Membrane
- - Structural support - Cell recognition - Communication (chemically) - Transport
- Carrier Proteins
- - Move without ATP - Some aren't integral (they bond and drag molecules through lipid bilayer, and drop them on opposite side - Others change shape (imagine scissors) to move materials
- Plant Cells
- - Salt their cytosol (put ions in it) to make osmosis occur (so water enters)
- Lymphatic System
- - Fights infections - Spleens, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph (fluid) all control WBC production
- Plasmolysis
- - Shrinkage inside contents of a plant cell due to water leaving
- Cytolysis
- - The bursting of a cell due to too much water entering
- Turgor Pressur
- - The pressure on a plant cell's wall due to the vacuole (water) pressing against it
- Path of Air
- - Nasal cavity - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea - Bronchi - Bronchioles - Alveoli
- Nasal Cavity
- - Warms, filters, and moistens air - Mucus will trap bad stuff (traps particles, dust, bacteria)
- Pharynx
- - The throat
- Respiratory Surfaces
- - Thin: No more than 2 cell layers thick - Moist: Water "carries" gases - Near: A source of oxygen (Alveoli) and a blood supply
- Esophagus
- - Where food goes (NOT AIR)
- Larynx
- - Vocal cords
- Epiglottis
- - Flag of cartilage covering the glottis (at the base of the tongue) - Prevents food from entering the trachea
- Trachea
- - Wind pipe - A tube leading to the chest cavity that branches off into the bronchi - Oxygen travels down this path on its way to the lungs
- Bronchus
- - Leads to the bronchioles
- Respiratory Tree
- - Bronchi = branches - Bronchioles = really small tubes of cartilage + smooth muscle
- Diaphragm
- - The muscle that controls breathing - Curved when relaxed, straight when contracted (on inhalation)
- Mechanics of Exhalation
- - Diaphragm relaxes - Chest cavity volume shrinks - Higher air pressure in the chest cavity than outside, so the air is forced out
- Mechanics of Inhalation
- - Diaphragm contracts - Makes air pressure greater outside the now expanded chest cavity - So gasses diffuse in (from high pressure to low pressure) meaning that air moves in - Intercostal muscles + ribs help increase chest cavity volume
- Urinary System
- ...
- Nephron
- - Basic filtration system - 1 million in the kidney
- Blood
- - A liquid - Plasma is mainly H₂0 with dissolves "solutes"
- Solutes in (the) blood
- - Glucose - Amino acids - Ions - Hormones - Proteins - Enzymes - Fatty acids + glycerol
- Waste in (the) blood
- - Ammonia - Urea
- Three Functions of (the) Nephron
- (1) Filtration - filtrate doesn't have any cells (just stuff from plasma - no proteins) - The filtrate is extracted from the blood as it moves into the glomerulus, pooling in the Bowman's capsule (2) Re-absorption - As stuff passes through the distal/proximal/etc tubule, essential molecules are reabsorbed into the blood from the filtrate (like glucose, water, amino acids, ions (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻)) (3) Secretion - The excess materials in the filtrate (including 1% of original water) are passed to the collecting duct (once here, it is urine) and then onto the ureter where it awaits transport to the bladder for eventual excretion
- Veins
- - Bring deoxygenated blood to the heart
- Arteries
- - Bring oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart
- Blood Flow (through) Kidney
- - Renal artery (high in 0₂) - Glomerulus - Capillaries around nephron tubules (for reabsorption, passes distal + proximal tubule) - Renal Vein, where it merges with other veins going back to the heart
- Filtrate Flow (through) Kidney
- - Glomerulus - Bowman's Capsule - Proximal tubule - "Coily" Tubule - Loop of Henle - Collecting ducts (URINE) - Collecting ducts merge to make ureter - Renal pelvis (might be between ducts and ureter, might be between ureter and bladder) - Bladder - Urethra (out)
- Blood Vessels
- - "Net" around alveoli
- Glomerulus
- - "Ball" of capillaries - Blood flows through here before heading to the rest of the capillaries and filtrate is extracted to pool in Bowman's capsule
- 7 Functions of (the) Plasma Membrane
- (1) Protective barrier (SUPPORTS CELL) (2) Regulate transport in and out of cell (SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE) (3) Provide anchoring sites for filaments or cytoskeleton (4) Allow CELL RECOGNITION (5) Provide a binding site for enzymes (6) Interlocking surfaces bind cells together (junctions) (7) Contains the cytoplasm (M) Excretion of wastes
- Phospholipid Head
- - Polar - Phosphate group + Glycerol
- Phospholipid Tail
- - Non-polar
- Hydrophobic Molecules
- - Pass through easily
- Hydrophilic Molecules
- - Don't pass easily
- Simple Diffusion
- - Requires no energy - Molecules move from high concentration to low concentration - Passive because no energy is used
- Osmosis
- - The diffusion of water across a cell membrane - Process involving the movement of water molecules across a semipermable membrane down the concentration gradient (molecules moving w/ their own kinetic energy)
- High Water Potential
- - Low solute concentration
- Low Water Potential
- - High solute concentration
- Aquaporins
- - Pores that water diffuses through (hollow proteins/water channels)
- Facilitated Diffusion
- - Passage of materials is aided both by concentration gradient and a transport protein (still not active)
- Active Transport
- - Energy must be expended to move molecules through transport proteins against the concentration gradient
- Glucose
- - Moves out of the cell through facilitated diffusion (like Amino Acids)
- Na⁺-K⁻ Pump
- - The sodium potassium pump moves 3 sodium ions out for every 2 potassium ions moved into the cell, creating a voltage across the cell called the membrane potential
- Pinocytosis
- - "Cell Drinking"
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis
- - Involves protein receptors recognizing hormones to help move them into the cell - It's how cholesterol gets in - Receptors latch onto specific molecules (not "generic" endocytosis)
- Phagocytosis
- - AKA "Cell Eating" - Example: WBCs engulfing bacterial (vesicle containing bacteria combines w/ lysosome to digest cell AFTER this process occurs)
- Cartilage rings
- - Hard tissue - These are present to support the trachea - They keep the tube from collapsing so airflow can continue
- Bronchioles
- - Paths that air travels through on its way to the Alveoli (small tubes of muscle, bigger ones having cartilage)
- Alveoli
- - Sacks of oxygen in the lung - Oxygen from these microscopic cavities can diffuse into the blood stream
- Ribs
- - Bones (protect the lung in the "thracic" cavity)
- Thacic Cavity
- - AKA Chest Cavity
- Intercostal Muscles
- - With ribs, these form the chest wall - By contracting, they help increase or decrease the size of the chest cavity
- Loop of Henle
- - Filtrate flows from the proximal tubule to here, where it is concentrated (and the water is removed) and passed to the distal tubule
- Distal Tubule
- - Operates during tubule secretion to remove wastes not filtered by the proximal tubule
- Proximal Tubule
- - Cells here remove water and nutrients from the filtrate so they can be returned to the blood
- Integral Proteins
- - AKA "Intrinsic" or "Transmembrane"
- Lipids/Starch/Carbohydrate
- - Are all large molecules that use proteins to help move across membrane
- Isotonic
- - A solution surrounding the cell with the same concentration of water and solute as inside the cell
- Hypertonic
- - A solution surrounding the cell with a lower concentration of water than inside the cell
- Hypotonic
- - A solution surrounding the cell with a higher concentration of water than inside the cell
- Ion Pump
- - One type of active transport - An example is the Sodium-Potassium pump
- Transport Protein
- - AKA Transmembrane/Integral Protein - Used to pump ions through the membrane (also other molecules)