Review and Test
Terms
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- Endocrine v. Exocrine glands
- Endocrine glands are ductless glands that empty directly into the blood, while exocrine glands are glands that have ducts and their secretions are carried to a particular site
- Erythrocytes
- Biconcave disk, transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules, red bone marrow
- Oogenesis
- Production of female sex cells, occurs in ovarian follicles, whcih are activated at puberty by FSH and LH to mature and eject oocytes (ovulation)
- The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is the
- Corpus collosum
- What does broca's area control
- Motor control of speech muscles
- The myelin of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by
- Schwann cells
- Production of oocyte
- Corpus luteum> degenerating corpus luteum> primary follicle> growing follicles> corona radiata and mature vesicular follicle> ruptured follicle and ovulation and oocyte
- Function: Larynx
- Vocalcords and hooded by epiglottis
- Menstrual Cycle
- Menses: Endometrium sloughs off and ovarian hormones are at their lowest level, Proliferative phase: Endometrium is repaired, thickens, and becomes well vascularized in response to increasing levels of estrogens, Secretory phase: Endometrial glands begin to secrete nutrients, and linin becomes more vascular in response to increasing levels of progesterone
- Function: Arteries
- Transport blood from the heart
- Function: Ascending Loop
- Moves chloride and sodium out
- Gas Exchange
- Oxygen moves from alveolar air into pulmonary blood
- Major centers concerned with autonomic control of breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and digestive activities are located in the
- Medulla oblongata
- Specific processes
- Antigens, humoral response, cellular response
- Platelets
- Irregularly shaped cell fragments, needed for normal blood clotting
- Androgens
- Testes, testes, promote sperm and secondary sex characteristics
- Immediately after an action potential is propagated, what ion diffuses out of the cell
- Potassium
- Gas Transport
- Bound to hemoglobin inside red blood cells and carbon dioxide moves from pulmonary blood into alveolar air
- Progesterone
- Corpus ludeum, ovaries, promotes growth of uterine lining
- Function: Plasma
- Water - solvent for carrying other substances; salts - osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability; plasma - osmotic balance, pH bufferin, clotting of blood, defense and lipid transport
- The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by
- Oligodendrocytes
- Movement of Lymph
- Right lymphatic ducts drains the lymph from the right arm and right side of the head and thorax, the thoracic duct receives lymph from the rest of the body
- The type of glial cell that is found lining the ventricles and spinal canal are the
- Ependymal cells
- What is filled with cerebral spinal fluid
- Subarachnoid space
- Small phagocytic cells that are especially obvious in damaged tissue in the CNS are the
- Microglia
- Acquired Immunity
- Naturally acquired: active - infection or contact with pathogen, passive - antibodies pass from mother to fetus by placentoa or in her milk; Artificially acquired: active - vaccine or dead or attenuated pathogens, passive - injection of immune serum
- What are collectively constituted as the diencephalon
- The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
- Plasma Contents
- Water, nutrients, metal ions, respiratory gases, hormones, plasma proteins, and various wastes and products of cell metabolism
- AIDS
- Acquired immunodeficiency disease caused by a virus that attacks and cripples the helper T cells
- Route of Blood
- Body> Venae Cavae> Right atrium> Right ventricle> Pulmonary arteries> Lung> Gas exchange> Pulmonary veins> Left atrium, Left ventricle> Aorta> Body
- Calcitonin
- Thyroid gland, blood, decreases blood calcium levels
- Eosinophil
- Coarse granules and bilobed nucleus, and kill parasitic worms, increase during allergy attacks
- Spermatogenesis
- Sperm production, begins at puberty in seminiferous tubules in response to follicle-stimulating hormone; Testosterone production begins in puberty in response to leutinizing hormone, produced by interstitial cells of the testes
- Function: Neuroglia
- Support, secretion of cerebrospinal fluid, isolation of neurons, phagocytosis
- The subdural space
- Seperates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater
- Basophil
- A few large granules and U or S shaped nucleus, contain histamine and discharged at sites of inflammation
- Function: Nasal Cavity
- Lined with mucosa - warms, filters, and moistens air
- Leukemia
- The bone marrow becomes cancerous and huge numbers of WBS are turned out
- Prostaglandins
- Plasma membrane, locally at site of release, enhance blood clotting and promote fever and promote inflammation and pain and cause fever and vasoconstricter
- Testosterone
- Interstitial cells, testes, development of adult male sex characteristics
- The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the
- Cerebrum
- Function: Interstitial Fluid
- Final control of water levels in the nephron through highly concentrated salt and urea levels
- The steps of a reflex arc
- Arrival of a stimulus and activation of a receptor, activation of a sensory neuron, information processing, activation of a motor neuron, and response by an effector
- Humoral responses
- Primary immune response - clonal selection of B cells occur when antigens bind to their receptors, other clone membembers become memory B cells and they can do a rapid attack = memory cells, active humoral immunity is acquired during an infection or via vaccination and provides immunological memory
- Estrogen
- Ovaries, ovaries, stimulates uterine lining growth and secondary sex characteristics
- The site of intercellular communication between neurons is the
- Synapse
- The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the
- Astrocytes
- Cells that are found in the CNS and cling to neurons, anchoring them to blood vessels are called
- Astrocytes
- Function: Ureters
- Carrying urine from the kidneys
- Function: Female reproductive system
- Make gametes, provide the right environment for fetus and embryo to grow for 9 months, and produce milk after child is born
- Positive feedback Mechanisms
- Birth - Hypothalamus makes oxytocin (stored in the posterior pituitary), and sends it to the uterine muscles and it tells them to contract, when they contract they produce a chemical signal that goes to the hypothalamus and tells it to make more oxytocin and so it makes more, this cycle keeps going until the baby and the placenta is expelled and when the uterus is back to its original size; also is the same with breast feeding and prolactin
- Function: Glomerulus
- Fluid goes through the capillary walls
- Function: Descending Loop
- Makes concentrated filtrate
- The visual cortex is located in the
- Occipital lobe
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- Anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex, glucocorticoids
- The brain and spinal cord comprise the _______ nervous system
- Efferent
- The layer of the meninges that is tightly bound to the surface of the neural tissue is the
- Pia mater
- Lymph flows
- Towards the heart
- Negative Feedback Mechanisms
- Some substance that has gotten too high or too low (Temperature - when it goes higher than the set point so receptors notice this and sends a message to the hypothalamus then it will send a message to the blood vessels and they expand to evaporate heat and sweat and that causes your temperature to lower and go back to the set point)
- Insulin
- Pancreas, all of the body cells, lower blood sugar
- Function: Astrocytes
- Maintaining the blood-brain barier, guiding neuron development, performing repairs in damaged neural tissue, creating a three-dimensional framework for the CNS
- Function: Pharynx
- Respiration and digestive
- Layers of the meninges (outer to inner)
- Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
- Function: Trachea
- Ciliated mucosa and cartilage rings
- Phases of Hemostasis
- Platelet plug forms, vascular spasms occur and releases serotonin which causes the blood vessel to go into spasms, coagulation occurs and tissues are releasing thromboplastin and PF3 interacts and forms an activator that triggers the clotting cascade and the prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (enzyme) and thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins to form fribrin and forms a meshwork that traps RBC's and then the clot squeezes out serum (plasma minus clotting proteins) while pulling the ruptured edges together
- Function: Kidneys
- Disposing of wastes and excess ions also by producing renin they help regulate blood pressure and the hormone erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow
- Cellular responses
- T cells bind to an antigen and a self protein displayed on the surface of a macrophage, killer t cells directly attack and lyse infected and cancerous cells, helper T cells interact directly with B cells bound to antigens, organ transplants
- Lymphokines
- Any kind of a signal made by lmphocytes (how helper T cells call others to the site)
- Voluntary control of skeletal muscles is provided by the _________ nervous system
- Somatic
- Function: Distal Tubule
- Remove water from renal filtrates and aldosterone controlled sodium reabsorption
- The type of lymphatic vessel that brings lymph to the lymph nodes is said to be an ______ lymphatic vessel
- Afferent
- Negative Feedback and homeostasis
- Body is trying to reach a balance
- Non specific processes
- Surface membranes, phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammatory response, complement - fixed on targert, interferon- group of proteins synthesized by virus-infected cells and it prevents virusses from multiplying in other body cells, fever
- Humoral Immunity
- B cells, secretion of antibodies by plasma cells
- Melatonin
- Pineal gland, all cells, regulates sleep ability
- Cell-mediated Immunity
- Killer T cells, attack on infected cells
- Antidiuretic hormone
- Hypothalamus, kidney, holds back water and inhibits urine production
- The outermost covering of the spinal cord is the
- Dura mater
- Nitrogen wastes - Types
- Ammonia - poisonous and water animal, urea - land animals, uric acid - least soluble, least poisonous, solid, birds and reptiles, and settling in the joints is gout
- Neuroglial cells found in the central nervous system
- Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
- Hormones of the female reproductive system
- Estrogens are produced by ovarian follicles in response to FSH, progesterone is produced in response to LH and is the main hormonal product of the corpus luteum
- T cell activation and interactions with other cells of the immune response
- Macrophages ingest an antigen, then display parts of it on their surface membranes, where it can be recognized by a helper T cells that bears receptors for the same antigen, during the binding process, the T cell binds simultaneously to the antigen and to the macrophage receptor, which leads to T cell activation and cloning, then the helper T cells release lymphokine, which stimulate proliferation and activity of other helper T cells and help activate killer T cells and B cellls
- Heart Beat
- Ventricles fill by atrial contraction, isovolumetric contraction of ventricle, then ventricular ejection phase, then isovolumetric relaxation
- Function: Veins
- Transport blood back to the heart
- Chemotaxis
- The process by which WBS and phagocytes are drawn to an area of inflammation
- The three major parts of the brain stem are the
- Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
- Nitrogen wastes - Source
- Amino acids
- Mechanics of inspiration
- Inspiratory muscles contract, intrapulmonary volume increases, its pressure decreases, and air rushes in
- Neutrophil
- Fine granules and three to seven loves, active phagocytes (short -term and acute infections)
- Function: Bowman's Capsule
- Receives filtrates and sends it to the rest of the nephron
- What does the medulla oblongata control
- Control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
- Semi-Specific
- Inflammatory response - heat, pain, swelling, redness
- Function: Male reproductive system
- Produce sperm and transfer to females
- The part of the peripheral nervous system which brings information to the central nervous system is
- Afferent
- Lymphocytes
- Thin rim around nucleus, produces antibodies (B), involved in graft rejection (T), fighting tumors and viruses, and activating B
- Aldosterone
- Adrenal Cortex, kidney, promote reabsorption of sodium and potassium of excretion of kidneys
- Neurotransmitters are released from the
- Axonal terminal
- T3 and T4, thyroxin
- Thyroid gland, thyroid ,stimulates metabolism
- Monocytes
- Kidney shaped nucleus, active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues, long term clean up crew, chronic infections
- Parathromone
- Parathyroid, blood, regulator of calcium ion homeostasis
- Norepinephrine
- Catecholamines, increase blood glucose and increase rate of metabolism and constricts certain blood vessels
- Mechanics of expiration
- Inspiratory muscles relax, the lungs recoil and air rushes out
- Luteinizing hormone
- Anterior Pituitary, gonads, stimulates ovaries and testes
- Association neurons are found in the
- Brain and spinal cord
- A neuron whose primary function is connecting other neurons is called a
- Association neuron
- Function: Proximal Tubule
- Reabsorb glucose, vitamins, and amino acids
- Thymosin
- Thymus, t cells, programs t cells
- Follicle-stimulating hormone
- Anterior Pituitary, gonads, production of ova and sperm
- Lymph Transport
- Aided by the muscular and respiratory pumps and by contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatic vessels
- What is interpreted in the parietal lobe
- Touch
- Function: Collecting Duct
- Urine is dripped into the open space of the kidney
- Prolactin
- Anterior pituitary, mammary glands, milk production