Chem Lab Vocab
Terms
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- Accuracy
- The closeness of a measurement to the true value of the quantity that is measured.
- Actual Yield
- The amount of product actually obtained in a reaction.
- Anion
- An ion with a negative charge.
- Atom
- The smallest piece of an element that can enter into chemical combinations.
- Avogadro's Number
- The number of 12C atoms in exactly 12g of 12C. It equals 6.022x10^23.
- Bronsted Acid
- A substance capable of donating a proton.
- Bronsted Base
- A substance capable of accepting a proton.
- Buffer Solution
- A solution that has the ability to resist small changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of either acid or base.
- Catalyst
- A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed.
- Cation
- An ion with a net positive charge.
- Chemical Reaction
- Processes in which one or more substances are converted into other substances.
- Chemical Kinetics
- The area of chemistry concerned with the speeds or rates at which chemical reactions occur.
- Compound
- A substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions.
- Covalent Bond
- A bond in which two electrons are shared by two atoms.
- Density
- The mass of a substance divided by its volume.
- Diffusion
- The gradual mixing of one substance with another due to random molecular motion.
- Dilution
- A procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution.
- Electrolyte
- A substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity.
- Full Ionic Equation
- A reaction equation which shows all soluble compounds in their ionic forms.
- Heat
- The transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures.
- Hess's Law
- When reactants are converted to products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps.
- Hydrogen Bonding
- A special type of dipole-dipole interaction between molecules containing hydrogen bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.
- Inorganic Compounds
- Compounds other than organic compounds.
- Ion
- A charged species.
- Ionic Compound
- A chemical compound composed of cations and anions combined so that the total positive and negative changes are equal.
- Electronegativity
- The ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself in a chemical compound.
- Element
- A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.
- Endothermic Processes
- Processes that absorb heat from the surroundings.
- Energy
- The capacity to do work or to produce change.
- Enzyme
- A biological catalyst.
- Equilibrium
- A state in which there are no observable changes as time goes by.
- Excess Reagents
- One or more reactants present in quantities greater than those needed to react with quantity of the limiting reagent.
- Exothermic Processes
- Processes that give off heat to the surroundings.
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.
- Ionic Bonding
- The electrostatic forces that holds ions together in an ionic compound.
- Ionization Energy
- The minimum energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom in its ground state.
- Isotopes
- Atoms having the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
- Joule
- Unit of energy given by newtons-meters
- Kinetic energy
- Energy available because of the motion of an object.
- Le Chatelier's principle
- If an external stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system will adjust itself in such a way as to partially offset the stress.
- Limiting Reagent
- The reactant used up first in the reaction.
- Macroscopic Properties
- Properties that can be measured directly.
- Metals
- Elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity and have the tendency to form positive ions in ionic compounds.
- Mixture
- A combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their identity.
- Molar Mass
- The mass of one mole of atoms, molecules, or other particles.
- Molarity
- The number of moles of solute in one liter of solution.
- Mole
- A collection of Avogadro's number of objects.
- Molecular Compound
- A compound consisting of atoms that are covalently bonded.
- Molecular equation
- A reaction equation which shows the complete chemical formulas of all reactants and products.
- Molecule
- A neutral aggregate of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
- Net Ionic Equation
- A reaction equation in which all the spectator ions are removed leaving only the ions and molecules directly involved in the reaction.
- Nonelectrolyte
- A substance that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that is not electrically conducting.
- Nonmetals
- Elements that are usually poor conductors of heat and electricity and have the tendency to gain electrons and form negative ions.
- Nonpolar bond
- A covalent bond in which the electrons are equally shared by two atoms so there are no positive and negative ends.
- Nonpolar Molecule
- A molecule that does not possess a dipole moment.
- Octet Rule
- An atom other than hydrogen tends to form bonds until it is surrounded by eight valence electrons.
- Organic Chemistry
- The branch of chemistry that deals with carbon compounds.
- Oxidation Number
- The number of charges an atom would have in a molecule if electrons were transferred completely in the direction of the atoms with the higher electronegativity.
- Oxidation Reaction
- The half-reaction that involves the loss of electrons.
- Oxidizing agent
- A substance that can accept electrons from another substance or increase the oxidation number in another substance.
- Percent Yield
- The ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield, multiplied by 100%.
- pH
- The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.
- Photon
- A particle of light.
- Physical Property
- Any property of a substance that can be observed without transforming the substance into some other substance.
- Polar Bond
- A covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are more strongly attracted by one of the bonding atoms creating partial positive and negative ends.
- Polar molecule
- A molecule that possesses a dipole moment.
- Potential Energy
- Energy available by virtue of an object's position.
- Precipitate
- An insoluble solid that separates from the solution
- Precision
- The closeness of agreement of two or more measurement of the same quantity.
- Pressure
- Force applied per unit area.
- Redox Reaction
- A reaction in which there is either a transfer of electrons or a change in the oxidation numbers of the substances taking part in the reaction.
- Reduction Reaction
- The half-reaction that involves the gain of electrons.
- Salt
- An ionic compound made up of a cation and an anion.
- Saturated Solution
- At a given temperature, the solution that results when the maximum amount of a substance dissolves in a solvent.
- Significant Figures
- The number of meaningful digits in a measure or calculated quantity.
- Solubility
- The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature.
- Solute
- The substance present in smaller amount in a solution.
- Solution
- A homogenous mixture of two or more substances.
- Solvent
- The substance present in larger amount in a solution.
- Specific Heat
- The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of the substance by one degree celsius.
- Spectator Ions
- Ions that are not involved in the overall reaction.
- Theoretical Yield
- The amount of product predicted by the balanced equation when all of the limiting reagent has reacted.
- Thermochemistry
- The study of heat changes in chemical reactions.
- Thermodynamics
- The scientific study of the interconversion of heat and other forms of energy.
- Titration
- The gradual addition of a solution of accurately known concentration to another solution of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete.