Medical Nutrition: Chapter 26 of "Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutriti
Terms
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- Diabetes Mellitus
- A group of metabolic disorders chracterized by hyperglycemia and disordered insulin metabolism.
- Hyperglycemia
- Elevated blood glucose concentrations
- Renal Threshold
- Blood concentration of a substance that exceeds the kidneys' capacity for reabsorption and leads to appearance of the substance in urine.
- Glycosuria
- An abnormal amount of gllucose in urine.
- Polyuria
- Excessive urine secretion
- Polydipsia
- Excessive thirst.
- Polyphagia
- Excessive appetite or eating
- Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
- A test that evaluates a person's ability to tolerate a glucose load.
- Prediabetes
- Condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes; considered a major risk factor for future diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
- Type 1 Diabetes
- Accounts for 5-10% of diabetes cases and usually results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. In this type, the pancreas produces little or no insulin.
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Accounts for 90-95% of diabetes cases and usually results from insulin resistance soupled with insufficient insulin secretion. Obesity is present in 80-90% of cases.
- Autoimmune
- Immune response directed against the body's own tissues.
- Ketoacidosis
- Lowering of pH in blood and tissues due to excessive ketone body production.
- Insulin Resistance
- Reduced sensitivity to insulin in muscle, adipose, and liver cells.
- Ketonuria
- The presence of ketone bodies in the urine.
- Acetone Breath
- Distinctive fruit odor on the breath of a person experiencing ketosis.
- Diabetic Coma
- A coma that occurs in uncontrolled diabetes; may be due to diabetic ketoacidosis, the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or excessive doses of insulin or certain antidiabetic drugs.
- Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State
- Extreme hyperglycemia that is associated with hyperosmolar blood, dehydration, and altered mental status.
- Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)
- Compounds formed when glucose or glucose fragments combine with proteins. AGEs can damage tissues and lead to diabetic complications.
- Macrovascular Complications
- Disorders that affect the large blood vessels, including cardiovascular diseases and peripheral vascular disease.
- Microvascular Complications
- Disorders that affect the small blood vessels and capillaries, including retinal damage and kidney disease.
- Neuropathy
- Disorders affecting the nervous system.
- Claudication
- Pain in the legs while walking; usually due to an inadequate supply of blood to the muscles.
- Gangrene
- Death of tissue due to a deficient blood supply and/or infection.
- Diabetic Retinopathy
- Retinal damage associated with diabetes.
- Diabetic Nephropathy
- Kidney damage associated with diabetes.
- Diabetic Neuropathy
- Nerve degeneration associated with diabetes.
- Gastroparesis
- Delayed stomach emptying.
- Glycemic
- Pertaining to blood glucose
- Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG)
- Home monitoring of blood glucose using a glucose meter.
- Glycated Hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin molecules to which glucose is attached. The %age of such molecules is used to evaluate long-term glycemic control.
- Albuminuria
- The presence of albumin in the urine, a symptom of kidney disease.
- Certified Diabetes Educator (CDE)
- A health care professional who specializes in diabetes management aducation. Certification is obtained from the National Certification Board for Diabetes Educators.
- Carbohydrate-to-Insulin Ratio
- The amount of carbohydrate that can be handled per unit of insulin. On average, every 15g of CHO requires about 1 unit of rapid- or short-acting insulin.
- Dawn Phenomenon
- Morning hyperglycemia that is caused by the early morning release of growth hormone, which counteracts insulin's glucose-lowering effects.
- Rebound Hyperglycemia
- Hyperglycemia that results from the release of counterregulatory hormones following the nighttime hypoglycemia.
- Somogyi Phenomenon
- See Rebound Hyperglycemia