Psych Final
Terms
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- Lobotomy
- A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal loves to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.
- Identification
- The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.
- Dissociative Identity Disorder(DID)
- A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. A.K.A Multiple Personality Disorder
- Self-Actualization
- According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
- Schizophrenia
- A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.
- Mood Disorders
- Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.
- DSM 4
- The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
- Projective Test
- A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
- Reaction Formation
- Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
- Self-Concept
- All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
- Systematic Desensitization
- A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli. Used to treat phobias.
- Psychosurgery
- Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
- Displacement
- Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
- Medical Model
- The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured through hospital treatment.
- Self-Esteem
- One's feelings of high or low self-worth
- Unconscious
- According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.
- Panic Disorder
- An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
- Transference
- In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships ( such as love or hatred for a parent)
- Biomedical Therapy
- Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patients' nervous system
- Projection
- Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
- Rorschach inkblot test
- The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
- Bipolar Disorder
- A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and overexcited state of mania. Formerly known as manic-depressive disorder.
- Histrionic personality disorder (HPD)
- is a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, including an excessive need for approval and inappropriate seductiveness, usually beginning in early adulthood.
- Delusions
- False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.
- Interpretation
- In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interest through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
- Personality
- An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
- The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests.
- Repression
- In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
- The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.
- Dissociative Disorders
- Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
- Virtual reality exposure therapy
- An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to to simulations of their greatest fear, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
- Defense Mechanisms
- In psyhcoanalytic theory, the ego's pretective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
- Behavior Therapy
- Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
- Trait
- A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act.
- Eclectic Approach
- An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
- Regression
- Psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
- Personal Control
- Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless.
- ADHD
- A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
- Collective Unconscious
- Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
- Counterconditioning
- A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning
- Ego
- The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the REALITY principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
- Token Economy
- An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.
- Client-Centered Therapy
- A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth.
- Oedipus complex
- According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
- Free Association
- In Psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
- Family Therapy
- Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members.
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
- Anxiety Disorders
- Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
- Learned Helplessness
- The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
- Empirically derived test
- A test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.
- Psychosexual Stages
- The childhood stages of development( oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
- Personality Disorders
- Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
- External Locus of Control
- The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate
- OCD
- An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions
- Barnum Effect
- It is the tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate.
- Spotlight Effect
- Overestimation others' noticing and evaluation our appearance, performance, and blunders
- Antisocial personality disorder
- A personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members.
- Psychoanalysis
- Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist's interpretations of them-released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.
- Resistance
- In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden material
- Fixation
- According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
- Self-Serving Bias
- A readiness to perceive oneself favorably
- Reciprocal Determinism
- The interacting influences between personality and environmental factors.
- Active Listening
- Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies.
- Social-Cognitive perspective
- Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context
- Psychopharmacology
- The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.
- Phobia
- An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.
- Superego
- The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment(conscious) and for future aspirations
- Internal Locus of Control
- The perception that one controls one's own fate.
- Psychotherapy
- Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome pscyhological difficulties or achieve personal growth
- Id
- Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the the PLEASURE principle, demanding immediate gratification.
- Cognitive Therapy
- Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
- Unconditional Positive Regard
- According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
- Personality Inventory
- A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors
- Aversive Conditioning
- A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state(such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior(such as alcohol)
- Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
- A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.
- Rationalization
- Defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.
- PTSD(Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
- An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
- Major Depressive Disorder
- A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
- Mania
- A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive. wildly optimistic state
- Exposure Therapies
- Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid