BioFinalTerms
First Semester Finals --> Bio Terms and questions
Terms
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- Halophile
- Salt Lovers
- Spirochaete
- Archeabacteria Phylum with long Coiled Cells
- Stramenopila
- Diatoms, Brown Algae, Water Molds, Downy Mildews, Blights
- Blastula
- an Early Stage of Embryonic Development in Animals
- Pseudocoleom
- A body cavity which occupies a space between the mesoderm of the body wall and the endoderm of the gut
- Operculum
- Gill Cover that acts As Billows
- Alternation of Generations
- Reproductive Cycle where some types of plants and fungus alternate between Sporophytes and Gametophyte
- Staphlococcus Aureus
- 40% of people have it in Noses and Skin; Causes small infections
- Plasmid
- A DNA molecule that is separate from Chromosonal DNA
- Paramecium
- Shoe Shaped; Prey to Didinium
- Heterotroph
- Must find Food
- Anthrax
- Spores found in soil; infection caused by inhalation; Gram Positive Bacteria
- Gram Positive
- Turns Purple due to Thick Walls
- Chemoautotroph
- Gets energy from Chemical Reactions
- Gram Negative
- Does not turn Purple due to Thin Walls
- Fucoxanthin
- Carotonoid; Accessory pigment found in the Chloroplast of Brown Algae
- Prokaryotic fission
- Cell replication: DNA replicates, New Cell walls and membranes form, Cell Separates
- Xylem
- moves water, sugars and minerals UP the tree
- White Rot
- Eats Lignin; Leaves Cellulose
- Protease Inhibitor
- Important Theopy preventing HIV from splitting up enzymes
- Cuticle
- A waxy coating surrounding plant
- Corraline Red Alga
- Seaweeds that form a Calcium Crest over Outside; Are the Dominate Organisim of Reef Crest
- Rhizobium
- Cannot independentally Fix Nitrogen
- Blind Gut
- Digestive Cavity with only one opening
- Kingdom Rydophyta
- Red Algae
- Sporophyte
- diploid; spore producing stage; non sexual stage
- Glochidium
- Larvae of big freshwater bivalves
- Transductions
- Accidental Viral Transfer
- West Nile Virus
- Virus Started in Middle east; Carried by Misquitos; Introduced to US in 2000
- Ovary
- protective 'shell' around ovules and eggs; becomes fruit
- Setae
- Stiff hair or bristle, helps earthworm attach to surfaces and prevent backsliding
- Kingdom Alveolata
- Has small sacs under Membrane
- Transformation
- Absorbing DNA fragments like "food" from surroundings
- Rhodophyta
- Red Algae
- Phylum Apicomplexa
- Lives only inside other organisims
- Haplodiploidy
- The sex-determining mechanism found in some insect groups among which males are haploid and females are diploid.
- Pecton
- Harder Cement like tissue in Cell walls
- Water Molds
- Unicellular; resemble fungi; composed of tubelike body; Composed of Cellulose; Diploid Nuclei
- Transpiration
- evaporation through a tree; the process in which water is being pulled up the tree through xylem
- Cladogram
- the Diagram to show Evolutionary Ancestory
- Viriod
- Naked, Single stranded RNA that causes Diseases mainly in plants
- Pharyngeal Pouches
- a protective "coating" over gills; must have continuous water movement through gill slits in order for fish to continue breathing
- Amniote
- Any animal who has a thin, tough membraneous sack around embryo and fetus
- Pollen
- Male Gametophyte
- Frustule
- The Silica Cell Wall of Diatoms
- Thermoacidophile
- Thrive in Sulfer Rich and High tempeture Climates
- DNA Virus
- Virus that is transfered into host's DNA; Transcribed to co-exist with Host DNA
- Collar Cells
- Cells in Sponges, contain a central flagellum
- Gemmule
- Internal buds found in freshwater sponges, the result of asexual reproduction
- Actin and Myosin
- Proteins that work together to allow for muscle contraction in Pseudopodia
- Endoderm
- Inner most tissue layer in lower animals like Cnidaria
- Ectoderm
- Outer most tissue layer
- Influenza A
- Severe type of Flu (Spanish Flu, Avian Flu) Can be found in both Humans and Animals; ssRNA
- Kingdom Strmenopila
- Water molds, brown Algae, Blights
- Mimivirus
- Giant Virus (800nm)
- Medusa
- Form of Cnidarian, Bell Shaped
- Complete digestive system
- Has more than one opening
- Eubacteria
- Bacteria with Peptidoglycon
- Mantle Cavity
- a water space in mollusks, contains gills, anus, ect.
- HIV
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus; RetroVirus
- Strep-
- Long Chains
- Streptococcus Pyogenes
- 15% of people have it in throats; Causes StrepThroat
- Ectomycorrhizae
- Hyphae forms an outer mantle and between cells of root
- Dinoflagellates (P. Dinofagellata)
- Name refers to their spinning motion; Cellulose plates with grooves; most marinal
- Endospore
- Strech Resistant, Dormant Stage of Bacteria that can Remain Viable for Decades
- Cladistics
- Classification based on Evolutionary Ancestory
- Diatoms
- Cell Wall made up of Silica; Unicellular
- Lithotrophic
- Gets Energy from Inorganic Molecules
- Exotoxin
- Toxin Released when bacteria is Alive
- Triploblastic
- Where the blastula has three primary germ layers Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
- cutaneous respiration
- breathing through the skin
- H3N2 Influenza
- Asianic Flu
- Bacillus Anthracis
- Anthrax
- Eukaryote
- Has a Nucleus
- Autotroph
- Make own Food
- Foot (mollusca)
- Muscular, used for locomotion
- Hyphae
- Filaments
- AZT
- Treatment for HIV that Mimicks thiamine in reverse transcription and prevents it
- Angiosperm
- Flowering Plants; Ovary Surrounds Seed
- Prion
- Good Protein Gone Bad
- RNA Virus
- vRNA acts like mRNA; vRNA --> Mirror images that of mRNA
- Clonal
- An organism reproduced asexually from a single ansester; Dandilions
- Mesoderm
- forms during gastrulation when cells migrate, makes animals more complex
- Diatomaceous Earth
- Fossilized Diatom Deposits
- Chlorophyll C
- Chlorophyll that does not have a long "tail"
- Enveloped Virus
- Virus with an outer wrapping or 'envolope'
- Lytic
- Cycle where Viruses Reproduce Cause Distruction of Cell; The Virus Enters the cells, makes Copies, then Lets Fluid in till Cell busts
- Carageenan
- From Red Algae; Used to make Ice Cream and Cosmetics
- Flavivirus
- Derived from the latin word for Yellow; Causes West Nile Virus and Yellow Fever; has a large range of hosts; vector is misquito; Causes Liver Damage, Skin Yellowing, White Eyes
- exoskeleton
- external anatomical feature that supports and protects and animals body ovipositor
- Protist
- Kingdom: Mostly Simple, Mostly Unicellular, Eukaryotes (Disbanded 2003)
- Pedipalps
- Appendeges on Spiders used for Food Handleing
- Coccus
- Sheres
- Brown Rot
- Eats Cellulolse; Leaves Lignin
- Ciliates
- Unicellular; Moves with rows of Cilia
- Endomycorrhizae
- Hyphae Partly within cells
- Diplomonad
- No Mitocondria; Giardia; 2 Nuclei
- Strain 121
- A Thermophile Archae that grows in deep ocean heat vents; Temps around 121 C or 250 F
- Cnidocyte
- Venomous Cell unique to phylum Cnidaria
- Protostome
- Animal with one "mouth"
- Methanogen
- Produce Methane
- Hepatitis D
- Viroid inside Hepatitis B
- rhizopods
- use difflugia; lack cell wall; move by psuedopodia
- Glycogen
- How Humans Store Sugars
- Double Fertilization
- Starts with a 2 Sperm nuclei; one sperm fertilizes the egg while the second Sperm unites with the 2 polar nuclei to form a triploid
- Cellulose
- Cell Wall
- Pilus
- Hollow string like structures found in some bacteria
- Clostridium Tetani
- Rod shaped; Gram Positive; Causes Tetanus - exotoxins
- Hermaphroditic
- Contains both male and female genitalia
- SIV
- Simian immunodeficiency virus; HIV in Primates
- Bacillus
- Rods
- Bacterial Conjugation
- Transfer of Genetic Material from bacteria through direct Cell to Cell contact
- Laminarin
- Storage Polysaccharide of the Brown Algae
- Polyp
- One form of species in Cnidarian, stands up
- Pseudopodia
- False Foot
- H5N1 Influenza
- Bird Flu
- E. Coli
- Bacteria found in lower intestines; usually harmless, only one strain is harmful; normally attaches only to the epithelial cells of the large intestine; Gram Negative
- Gemmata
- Bacteria with a nuclues, Not membrane bound nucleus; no organelles
- Agar
- From Red Algae; Used as a gelling agent and to culture bacteria
- Complete Metamorphosis
- The entirety of Metamorphosis; the insect passes through all four steps of growth
- Lignin
- Soft Jelly like tissues
- Influenza B
- Less Severe Flu; Can only affect Humans
- Photosynthate
- A Chemical Product of Photosynthesis
- Mycorrhizae
- "Fungus Roots"
- Micro-Nucleus
- Smaller Nucleus in Protozoans; it divides through mitosis
- Ovule
- becomes seed
- Yeast
- unicellular fungi
- Chelicerates
- fangs (Arthropods)
- Chrysophyta
- Diatoms
- Vascular Cambium
- tissue between xylem and phloem
- Phloem
- photosynthate sugars up or down the tree
- Hepatitis B
- DNA Virus
- Euglenozoa
- Kingdom; has Eyespot and Pellicle (flexible protein Layer)
- Protozoan
- Once Celled Eukaryotes
- Diplobastic
- Where the Ovum has two primary germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm
- Reverse Transcription
- Transcribes RNA to DNA (such as in HIV)
- Macro-Nucleus
- Larger Nucleus in Ciliates; Divides without Mitosis
- Gametophyte
- haploid; egg/sperm producing stage
- Bacteriophage
- Virus that infects Bacteria
- Cyanobacteria
- Blue-Green Algae; photosynthetic
- Nauplius
- First Larva of Crustaceans
- Shigella
- Like E. Coli; Found in lower intestines; usually harmless; Gram negative
- Parabasalid
- group of Flagellates most symbiotic in Animals
- Starch
- How a plant stores sugars
- Rhinovirus
- Common Cold Virus
- Spongin
- Type of collagen protein that forms the fibrous skeleton in most sponges
- Lysogenic
- Virus Reproduction; Fusion of Nucleic Acid of a Bacteriophage with that of the host bacterium
- Phycoercthrin
- protein that reflects red
- Brown Algae
- Marine Multicellular Organisims; Some Seaweeds have Choloroplast surrounded four membranes
- amoebozoas
- Amebias and other relatives
- Pupa
- Resting Stage
- Archaebacteria
- Lacks Peptidoglycon and likes extreme climates
- H1N1 Influenza
- Spanish Flu
- Counter-Current Exchange
- as water flows into the gills, blood flows out through the gills
- Ascus
- Sack of 8 Spores
- Capsid
- a protein shell that surrounds a virus particale
- Red Tide
- Water looks red due to Phytoplankton that contains Redish Pigments
- Blights
- Any of numerous plant diseases resulting in sudden conspicuous wilting and dying of affected parts, especially young, growing tissues
- Clostridium Botulinum
- Bacteria that causes Botulisim; caused by exotoxins
- Fruit
- Develops from the Ovary
- Retro Virus
- vRNA uses reverse Transcription to DNA then entering into host's DNA; A type of RNA Virus
- Parthenogenic
- Asexual form of reproduction found in females where growth and development of an embryo or seed occurs without fertilization by males
- Chitin
- Makes up Cell Walls in Fungus
- Endotoxin
- Toxin Released when Bacteria dies
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Conversion of Nitrogen Gas to Ammonia; only can be done through bacteria
- Spicule
- Skeletal Structures that occur in most sponges, provide structural support and defense
- Peptidoglycan
- The Substance that makes up the Cell Wall of Eubacteria, Sugar crosslinked with Amino Acids
- Cercaria
- Stage of flatworms, like small adult but has a large swimming tail
- Spirillum
- Spirals
- Saprophytic
- Dead material
- Ovipositor
- Structure Specilized in Egg Deposition; Arthropods
- Retrovirus
- Virus that undergoes reverse transcription
- Gymnosperm
- Conifers; Plant whose Seeds are not enclosed by ovary
- Tracheae (insect)
- air tubules directly to muscle
- Coral Bleaching
- When the zooxanthellae ejected
- Spongiform encephalopathy
- Holes in Brain due to Prion Diseases
- Prokaryote
- No Nucleus
- Ecdysozoa
- Group of protostome animals including arthropoda, shed their exoskeleton
- notochord
- flexible, rod-shaped tissue, used for support found during the lifespan of all chordates
- Cholera (Vibrio Cholerae)
- Good Bacteria found in Aquatics; Bad when viral genes from DNA phage CTX in infected Cholera code for toxic effects
- Stomata
- pores of a plant in which gases and water vapor passes
- Dikaryotic
- Cell Charactorised by having two nuculei: This type of Fungus stays in this phase for longer
- Coronavirus
- Virus that causes Cold, but less commonly
- Alveolate
- Small Sacs Underneath Membrane
- Shope's Papilloma
- Jackolope
- Zoochlorellae
- Any single green algae that lives symbiotically withing the body of many freshwater and some marine invertebrates and protozoans
- Radula
- Toothed Chitinous ribbon inthe mouth of most mollusks used for cutting and chewing food
- Apical Meristem
- the tip of the root that allows a root to grow in length
- Parasitoid
- Arthropod eggs laid within other insects
- Clade
- A group of Organisims Comprised from a single Common Ancestor
- Yellow Fever Virus
- Virus Connected to Slavery; Shut down the US governement for one year
- Kinetoplast
- mitochondrial DNA
- Basidium
- A club on which the fungus spores are produced
- SAR 11
- Most Abundent Organism on Earth
- Zooxanthellae
- Mutualistic dinoflagellates
- Deuterostome
- Animal with two "mouths"; The first becomes the Anus, the Second becomes the mouth
- Staph-
- Clusters
- Endosymbiosis
- Process in which a new organism originates from the fusion of two other organisms
- Coelom
- A cavity within the body of animals formed when the mesoderm splits into two layers
- Lichen
- Fungus + Algae