Exam 2 BIOL 2420
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- Echinococcus granulosus
- dog tapeworm; tiny-3 proglottids; dogs get it from contaminated raw livestock; eggs pass through dog fec3es; humans get hydatid cysts by ingesting eggs- affects brain, lungs, liver; cysts fluid filled, contain many larvae and get big
- Taenia solidum
- pork tapeworm; DH-humams; IH pork; get it by eatting undercooked contaminated pork; humans can serve as IH; can cause cerebral cysticercosis
- Giardia lamblia
- mastigaphoran; parasitizes humans (dogs, beavers, muskrats); causes foul smelling explosive diarrhea; forms cysts; self limiting--> filter water before you drink it
- Trichomonas vagalis
- mastigaphoran; causes vulvovaginitis; STD called Trich; white discharge and itching; no cysts
- Toxoplasma gondii
- phylum apicomplexa; cat parasite; humans, cattle, etc can be IH; congenital toxoplasmosis; serious in AIDS patients
- Crytosporidium
- form cysts; cause enteritis and diarrhea; can get in water supply; chlorine resistant (boil water for at least 1 min or use fine filter) no treatment, threat to AIDS patients
- Naegleria fowleri
- free living normally; can cause amebic meningoencephalitis; very high mortality rate; warm stagnate water best environment (tolerate chlorine); don't get water up your nose
- Entomoeba histolytica
- LI of humans; pathogenic strains can cause amebic dysentary; cysts pass through feces and transmitted through contaminated water, food and certain practices; worldwide distribution
- Trypansoma gambiense
- mastigaphoran; infects blood and tissue fluids; causes African sleeping sickness--> can lead to loss of consciousness and death if infects CNS; Tsetse fly is a vector
- Trichella spiralis
- widespread distribution; fatal cases common among those who eat undercooked bear, wild pig, dog, walrus- any wild animal;
- Ascaris
- human intestinal roundworms; distrubition: cosmopolitan; pathogenisis- alergic response, malnutrition, intesinal blockage, psychological trauma from wandering worms
- Enterobius vermicularis
- human pinworm; LI of humans; very common, even in clean environments; asymptomatic to irritable with perianal pain, loos of appetite
- Penicillium
- Conidiospores form long chains on branching conidiospores, resulting in a bruch like structure P. notastum produces penicillin; P. roqueforti is used to make roquefort cheese
- Candida albicans
- part of normal flora; opportunistic; overgrowth occurs when immune system is compromised or balance is upset; vaginal, cutaneous, intestinal yeast infections, thrush; infection can become systemic
- Trichophyton
- causes athletes foot , ringworm etc
- Pneumoocystis carinii
- microscopic fungus; Pneumocystis pneumonia; one of the most common infections in immunosuppressed paitents with AIDS; spread in respiratory droplets; steriod treatment, organ transplantation and cancer predispose to P.c. infection also
- Cyrtococcus
- yeast cell surrounded by capsule; can cause fatal menigitis; transmission- inhalation of contaimated dust from bird species found in 8% of ALDS patients
- General Charateristics of Fungi
- nonmotile; heterotropic; prefer more acidic conditions than most bacteria; can tolerate higher osmotic pressure and lower moisture than bacteria; larger than bacteria; more cellular and morphological detail; cannot tolerate high temperature; fungal spores not as resistant; most aerobic- some faculative anerabes; decomposers; some parasites;
- saprophytes
- obtain nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying matter
- yeast
- nonfilamentous unicellular; produce asexually by budding; reproduce sexually by producing various kinds of spores; aerobic or facultative anaerobes used to make bread, wine, beer, etc; some can be pathogenic
- molds
- filamentous, multicellular; have mycelium; have reproductive hyphae which produce different kinds of spores
- mycellium
- large vegatative structure of fungi;
- hyphae
- rigid branched tube like filament that encloses mycelium can be coenocytic or have septa
- dimorphic fungi
- those that swithc between yeast and mold phase; discovered by Pasteur; cause of switch- when oxygen supply decreases, pathogenic mold outside of host and yeast inside host; dimophism makes it easier for fungus to cause a systemic infection
- mycosis
- fungal infections; superficial, subcutaneous or systemic (vaginal yeast infections, athletes foot, farmers lung)
- mycotoxicoses
- produce toxins that cause disease
- 3 basic shapes of viral capsid
-
helical- proteins fit together like a spiral, rod-shaped structure
polyhedral-proteins arranged in equilateral triangles to form a dome shaped structure, some look like spherical
complex-combination viruses have helical portion (tail) attached to a polyhedral portion(head) - viral envelopes-what they are made from
- viral envelopes are actually from the host PM; when some viruses emerge from host cell, they wrap themselves in a portion of the PM; glycoprotein spikes from host cell's glycocalyx may stick out of the envelope
- How can viral envelope be advantageous to soem degree?
- may allow virus to hide from immune cells and to infect new cells by fusion of envelope with another cell plasma membrane
- What determines the specificity of viruses for their hosts and for specific cell types
- viruses exhibit considerable specificity for hosts and for cell types; specificity determined by whether or not a virus can attach to a cell; attachement depends on presence of specific receptor site on host cell surface and specific attachement sturctures on viral capsid or envelope
- bacteriophage
- a virus that infects bacterial cells
- cytoplasmic effect (CPE)
- A visable effect on a host cell caused by a virus that my result in host cell damage or death
- capsomere
- a protein subunit of viral capsid
- viron
- complete viral particle
- viroid
- circular molecule of ssRNA without a capsid; plant pathogens; 1/10th the size of normal plant viruses; how it causes disease is a mystery
- prions
- protein particle with no nucleic acid, no evelope, no capsid (ex: CJC, mad cow disease, scrapie of sheep)
- lysogeny
- when the bacteriophage can insert its DNA into bacterial host genome
- naked virus
- has no viral envelope
- prophage
- phage DNA inserted into the host cell's DNA
- oncogenic
- a virus that is capable of producing tumors
- provirus
- viral DNA that is integrated into the host cell's DNA
- Name three methods of cultivating animal viruses in the lab
- 1) embroyonic chicken eggs 2)mokey kidney cells 3)