Earth Science Sem 2

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semester 2

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How did opponents of continental drift account for the existence of similar fossils on widely separated continents?: migration across land bridges
Which of the following metamorphic rocks would most likely have formed at the highest temperatures and pressures?: gneiss
How much of an increase in wave amplitude is seen from an earthquake measuring 5.4 on the Richter scale compared to one measuring 4.4?: ten times
What do the strips of low-intensity magnetism represent on the ocean floor?: areas where the rocks have a reversed polarity
The color of a mineral, such as fluorite, changes due to ____.: small amounts of different elements
Tensional stresses commonly cause which of the following?: normal faults
The type of deformation in which the object permanently changes size and shape without fracturing is called ____.: ductile deformation
An accumulation of different sedimentary and metamorphic rocks combined with scraps of ocean crust is called a(n) ____.: accretionary wedge
The Hawaiian Islands were formed when the Pacific Plate moved over ____.: a hot spot
One way that mining for mineral resources damages the land is by ____.: increasing soil erosion
The Moho is ____.: boundary between the crust and the mantle
Hydroelectric power is produced by ____.: falling water that turns a turbine
A travel-time graph can be used to find the ____.: distance to the epicenter of an earthquake
Which sedimentary rock would most likely be deposited in a very high-energy stream?: conglomerate
Long-range earthquake forecasts are based on the idea that earthquakes are ____.: repetitive
What type of boundary occurs where two plates move together, causing one plate to descend into the mantle beneath the other plate?: convergent boundary
Which of the following plays a major part in determining the form of a volcano?: magma composition
The continental crust has the average composition of ____.: granite
The largest intrusive igneous body is called a ____.: batholith
In areas where unconsolidated sediments are saturated with water, earthquakes can turn stable soil into a fluid through a process called ____.: liquefaction
The scale most widely used by scientists for measuring earthquakes is the ____.: moment magnitude scale
Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of rock?: magma
It is estimated that, in the future, wind energy could produce what percentage of the nation's demand for electricity?: 5-10%
Crater Lake in Oregon was produced when ____.: the summit of a volcano collapsed
The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the ____.: measurement of the amplitude of the largest seismic waves
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a rock?: lava
The amount of shaking produced by an earthquake at a given location is called the ____.: intensity
Which of the following is NOT a form of rock deformation?: erosional deformation
Wind power generates ____.: noise pollution
What is the hardness of an unknown mineral that scratches glass, but will not scratch quartz?: 6.0
As the temperature of lava increases, ____.: it begins to harden
The Red Sea is theorized to be the site of a recently formed ____.: divergent boundary
The Black Hills of South Dakota were formed by what type of orogenesis?: upwarping
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 has resulted in ____.: a decrease in the illegal and unsafe dumping of hazardous waste
Which type of landform develops at plate boundaries where one oceanic plate descends beneath another?: volcanic island arc
Which of the following is an example of an extrusive igneous rock?: rhyolite
Which of the following is an example of mountains formed as a result of ocean-ocean convergence?: the mountains of Japan
Which of the following properties is generally the least useful in identifying minerals?: color
Which of the following nonmetallic mineral resources is used both as a building material and as an industrial mineral?: limestone
A tsunami can occur when there is vertical movement at a fault under ____.: the ocean floor
What type of sedimentary rock is formed from weathered particles of rocks and minerals?: clastic sedimentary rock
The volcanic landforms at divergent ocean plate boundaries are ____.: oceanic ridges
How are intrusive igneous bodies classified?: by their size
Where are most transform faults found?: joining two segments of a mid-ocean ridge
Which agent of metamorphism can cause the overall composition of the rock to change?: a hydrothermal solution
Which of the following is used in an attempt to make short-range predictions of when earthquakes will occur?: strain in rocks near faults
According to the process of isostatic adjustment, ____.: thick sections of crustal material float higher than thinner slabs
Which of the following lists presents forms of coal in the correct order from the first stage of development to the last stage of development?: peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
Which of the following is true about cinder cones?: a. They have very steep sides. b. They are usually less than 300 meters high c. They often occur in groups.
What is the function of the atmosphere's ozone layer?: shields Earth from harmful solar radiation
Small foreshocks that precede a major earthquake occur ____.: days or years before the major earthquake
As the rate of cooling of igneous rocks increases, the size of the crystals that form ____.: decreases
Because of isostasy, a mountain will ultimately ____.: be eroded to near sea level
The tendency of minerals to break along smooth flat surfaces is called ____.: cleavage
What is the uneven breakage of a mineral called?: fracture
Under which of the following conditions do rocks exhibit ductile deformation?: high confining pressure
What type of rocks are formed by processes powered by the sun?: sedimentary rocks
Which of the following statements about the chemical combination of atoms to form compounds is NOT true?: Compounds form when atoms are less stable in a combined form.
All minerals in the sulfate and sulfide groups contain what element?: sulfur
The igneous rock texture that is characterized by two distinctly different crystal sizes is called ____.: porphyritic texture
Structures that form from the cooling and hardening of magma beneath Earth's surface are ____.: plutons
Highly explosive volcanoes tend to have what type of magma?: magma with high silica, high viscosity, and higher gas content
New ocean crust is formed at ____.: divergent boundaries
The collision and joining of crustal fragments to a continent is called continental ____.: accretion
Harnessing the sun's energy to produce heat or electricity is ____.: non-polluting
The greenhouse gas carbon dioxide helps to ____.: maintain warmth near Earth's surface
The most common mineral group in Earth's crust is the ____.: silicates
Earthquakes are usually associated with ____.: faults
A volcanic bomb is a ____.: piece of semi-molten rock ejected as glowing lava
A fault in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall is a ____.: normal fault
In general, an increase in the confining pressure results in what change in a rock's melting temperature?: Melting temperature increases.
How does nuclear fission produce energy?: Controlled nuclear chain reaction produces heat, driving steam turbines to produce energy.
Volcanic island arcs are associated with what type of plate boundary?: convergent oceanic-oceanic boundary
Evidence about ancient climates indicates that ____.: glacial ice once covered much of what is now India and Australia
If the atomic number of an element is 6 and its mass number is 14, how many neutrons are contained in the nucleus?: 8
Which seismic waves compress and expand rocks in the direction the waves travel?: P waves
Mohs scale is used to determine what property of minerals?: hardness
Which of the following lists includes the major types of mountains?: folded, fault-block, volcanic
An earthquake's magnitude is a measure of the ____.: size of seismic waves it produces
Which of the following is true about batholiths?: a. They are intrusive igneous bodies. b. They are larger than stocks. c. They are associated with major mountain ranges.
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting how violently or quietly a volcano erupts?: size of the volcano's cone
What determines the properties of a mineral?: composition and structure
Vein deposits are usually produced by ____.: hydrothermal solutions
Atoms containing the same numbers of protons and different numbers of neutrons are ____.: isotopes
The smallest particle of an element that still retains all the element's properties is a(n) ____.: atom
Lava that cools so quickly that ions do not have time to arrange themselves into crystals will form igneous rocks with a ____.: glassy texture
Renewable resources ____.: can be replenished over months, years, or decades
An example of folded mountains can be seen in ____.: the Alps in Europe
According to the property of paleomagnetism, ____.: iron-rich rocks show the location of the magnetic poles at the time of their formation
Minerals are classified by ____.: composition
Evidence that Earth's core has a high iron content comes from ____.: meteorites
Faults in which movement is mainly horizontal and parallel to the trend of the fault surface are called ____.: strike-slip faults
Through which Earth layer are S waves NOT transmitted?: outer core
The Clean Water Act ____.: required industries to reduce or eliminate point source pollution in surface waters
What type of mountains are most common at divergent plate boundaries?: fault-block mountains
Why can two igneous rocks have the same minerals but different names?: The rocks may have different textures.
Which of the following is an example of a mountain range formed at a divergent boundary?: the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Most earthquakes are produced by the rapid release of which kind of energy stored in rock subjected to great forces?: elastic
Mineral formation caused by high pressures and high temperatures would most likely occur in which of the following environments?: deep within Earth
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a pyroclastic material?: pahoehoe
Which of the following is true about rocks?: Most rocks are a mixture of minerals.
The three groups of rocks are classified by ____.: how they formed
What hypothesis states that the continents were once joined to form a single supercontinent?: continental drift
A building that settles unevenly after an earthquake is evidence of ____.: a tsunami
Which of the following affects the amount of destruction caused by earthquake vibrations?: a. the design of structures , b. the intensity and duration of the vibrations , c. the nature of the material on which structures are built
Most of the active volcanoes on Earth are located in a belt known as the ____.: Ring of Fire
The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral is called ____.: luster
How is tidal power harnessed?: by building a dam across the mouth of a bay or an estuary in a coastal area
Which of the following is NOT a major factor that influences the strength of a rock?: age of rock
In a typical fault-block mountain, ____.: large blocks of crust are uplifted along normal faults
Which of the following was NOT used in support of the continental drift hypothesis?: paleomagnetism
What is the most abundant gas associated with volcanic activity?: water vapor
What is the source of geothermal energy?: natural underground reservoirs of steam and hot water
The volcanic landform that is formed when the more resistant volcanic pipe remains after most of the cone has been eroded is called a ____.: volcanic neck
What is the major type of stress that occurs at convergent plate boundaries?: compressional stress
A metamorphic rock can be classified according to its ____.: texture and composition
A divergent boundary at two oceanic plates can result in a ____.: rift valley
In which decade were the first important laws passed to decrease water pollution?: 1970s
Continental volcanic arcs are associated with what type of plate boundary?: convergent oceanic-continental boundary
What amount of Earth's total water supply is usable fresh water?: less than 1%
Tsunamis are ____.: often generated by movements of the ocean floor
According to the theory of plate tectonics, ____.: the lithosphere is divided into plates
Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource?: cotton
In which of the following areas would the damage from an earthquake measuring 6.8 likely be the greatest?: area with older brick structures
When two or more elements bond together in definite proportions, they form a(n) ____.: compound
The hypothesis that explains the release of energy during an earthquake is called the ____.: elastic rebound hypothesis
Most of the heat for contact metamorphism is supplied by ____.: a nearby mass of magma
Which of the following is a nonmetallic mineral resource?: aggregate
How does the age of seafloor sediments change with increasing distance from the ocean ridge?: Age increases.
Compost helps preserve the health of soil because it ____.: is a natural fertilizer

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