Science Chapter 3 Minerals
Terms
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- cleavage
- (way mineral breaks apart) tendency of some minerals to break along smooth, flat surfaces.
- Cullinan 2
- on the Imperial state crown of great britain.
- crystals
- solid, geometric forms of minerals produced by a repeating pattern of atoms or molecules present through out the mineral.
- oxides
- compounds that form when an element combines chemically with oxygen
- specific gravity
- ratio of an object's density to the density of water =(1/cm³) density of gold=19 g/cm
- magnetism
- are naturally magnetic
- atom
- the smallest unit of an element that still has all the properties of that elements (all minerals made up of atoms of 1 or more elements).
- What is the simplest way to reduce the effect of mining?
- recycle products made from minerals (aluminum)
- hardness
- minerals resistance to being scatched; determined by Moh's hardness scale
- color
- easily observed physical property, but not enough to identify because impurities can cause changes in color.
- subsurface mining
- used when ore deposits are located too deep within the Earth to be surface mined
- quartz
- basic building block of many rocks
- nonmetallic luster
- if the surface of the mineral does not look like a metal
- durability in gemstones
- gemstones must be durable enough to be precisely cut and polished
- What are minerals used for?
- Major economics or industrial importance (gold, silver, and copper), but some have to be processed to get the elements they contain (magnetite for iron)
- chemical reactios
- react in a specific way to certain chemicals
- reclamation
- the process by which land used for mining is returned to its original state or improved
- sulfates
- minerals that contain sulfur and oxygen
- density
- mass in given space; mass per unit volume
- pegmatites
- magma forcing its way upward; forms tear drop-shaped bodies that cool and crystallize into minerals
- hot-water solutions
- ground water works its way down and heated by magma; reacts with minerals to form a liquid; metals and other elements then crystallize to form with minerals
- submetallic luster
- if a mineral looks metallic but has a dull surface
- evaporating salt water
- when a body of salt water evaporates, certain minerals are left behind (hailite)
- color
- easily observed physical property, but not enough to identify because impurities can cause changes in color.
- Metallic Minerals
- have shiny surfaces, do not let light pass through them, are good conductors of heat and electricity, can be processed into strong metals that do not rust, some can be pounded or presssed into various shapes or stretched thinly. (gold, silver and copper) (1 carat of gold=200 mg)
- How are all minerals grouped?
- can be grouped into crystal classes according to the kind of crystals they form
- streak
- color of the minerals powder when sample is rubbed on a streak plate. (color of streak not always same as color of sample) (streak not affected by air or water so more reliable)
- What are possible mining damage?
- disturb or destroying plant and animal habitats, waste products of the mining process contaminates surface and ground water.
- element
- a pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance.
- Nonmettallic Minerals
- can have shiny or dull surfaces, may let light pass through them, good insulators of electricity, most widely used in industry (calcite in marble & concrete; silicon in computer chips)
- luster
- how light is reflected from the surface
- cyrstalline structure
- are crystals that have a repeating inner structure often reflected in the shape of crystal
- surface mining
- used when ore is located at or near the surface of the earth
- mineral
- a naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure
- special properties
- properties that are only seen in a few types of minerals
- taste
- have a specific taste associated with the mineral
- limestones
- surface water and ground water carry disolved minerals into lakes and seas where they crystallize on the bottom
- native element
- mineral that is composed of only one element (copper)
- nonmetallic luster
- if the surface of the mineral does not look like a metal
- Cullinan 1
- "Star of Africa" lives in the Royal Cepter of the Quenn of England
- metallic luster
- if a mineral reflects light like a metal
- optical properties
- will cause specific visual changes in other materials
- carbonates
- minerals that contain combinations of carbon and oxygen in their chemical structure (calcite)
- How are crystal shapes determined?
- By kinds of atoms or molecules that make up the mineral
- radioactivity
- contains some radioactive material that can be detected by a Geiger counter.
- flourescense
- glowing under certain types of light
- color in gemstones
- the more attactive the color, the more valuable the gem
- submetallic luster
- if a mineral looks metallic but has a dull surface
- mica
- seperate easily into sheets when broken
- streak
- color of the minerals powder when sample is rubbed on a streak plate. (color of streak not always same as color of sample) (streak not affected by air or water so more reliable)
- feldspar
- main component of most rocks on Earth's surface
- luster
- how light is reflected from the surface
- metamorphism
- changes in pressure, temp, or chemical make-up, can cause the formation of some minerals (staurolite)
- nonsilicate minerals
- minerals that do not contain compounds of silicon and oxygen
- silicate minerals
- minerals that contain a combination of silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals
- what does the environment in which a mineral forms determine?
- the mineral's properties
- fracture
- tendency of some minerals to break unevenly along curved or irregular surfaces. (way a mineral breaks apart)
- cleavage
- (way mineral breaks apart) tendency of some minerals to break along smooth, flat surfaces.
- Cullinan Diamond
- found in January, 1905 in South America, uncut was 3,106 carats, cut into 9 major gems, 96 smaller gems, 9.5 carats of unpolished pieces.
- What is the most common classification of minerals?
- Based on chemical composition (2 groups)
- What do all minerals contain?
- one or more then 92 naturally occurring elements
- compound
- substance made when the atoms of 2 or more elements are chemically bonded.
- plutons
- magma that stops moving before it reaches the surface and cools into mineral crystals
- ore
- a mineral deposit large enough and pure enough to be mined for profit
- gemstones
- highly valued for their beauty and rarity rather than their usefulness
- halides
- compounds that form when fluorite, chlorine, iodine, or bromine combine with sodium, potassium, or calcium. (fluorite)
- fracture
- tendency of some minerals to break unevenly along curved or irregular surfaces. (way a mineral breaks apart)
- metallic luster
- if a mineral reflects light like a metal
- How do you tell if it is a mineral?
- If it is inorganic, a solid, made by nature (crystalline materials arent made by people), and has a crystalline structure.
- sulfides
- minerals that contain 1 or more elements combined with sulfur
- What are surface coal mines called? What are pit mines used for? What are quarries?
- Called strip mines b/c the coal is removed in large strips. Used to mine valuable minerals (copper or gold). Open pit mines where building stone, crushed rock,sand and gravel are found.