vocab for exam
Terms
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- westerlies
- winds that blow from the west in the middle latitudes
- solution
- mixture that has the same compostition, color, density, and even taste throughout
- chemical change
- a change of one substance to another
- Tyndall effect
- scattering of light
- physical change
- a change in size, shape, or state of matter
- protons
- particles with an electrical charge of 1+
- subtropical high
- relatively stable belts of high pressure near latitudes of 30 degree
- chemical formula
- tells what elements a compound contains and the exact number of the atoms of each element in a unit of that compound
- turbine
- a large wheel that rotates when pushed by water, wind, or steam
- galvanometer
- a device thar use an electromagnet to measure electric current
- decomposition reaction
- one substance breaks down, or decomposes, into two or more substances
- combustion reaction
- when a substance reacts with oxygen to produce energy in teh form of heat and light
- electromagnet
- a temporary magnet made by wrapping a wire coil carrying a current around an iron core
- synthesis reaction
- two or more substances combine to form another substance
- atom
- the smallest piece of matter
- greenhouse effect
- re-emission of infrared radiation back to Earth's surface
- neutrons
- neutral particles that do not have an electrical charge
- base
- any substance that forms hydroxide ions, OH-, in a water solution
- hydrate
- a compound that has water chemically attached to its ions and written into its chemical formula
- solution
- a homogeneous mixture of particles so small that they cannot be seen with a microscope and will never settle to the bottom of their container
- solvent
- water, which is the substance doing the dissolving
- strong base
- dissociates completely in solution
- homogeneous mixture
- contains two or more gaseous, liquid, or solid substances blended evenly throughout
- rate of reaction
- the speed at which reactants are consumed and roducts are produced in a given reaction
- catalyst
- substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being permanently charged itself
- carrier wave
- the specific frequency of the electromagnetic wave that a radio station is assigned
- chemical equation
- a way to describe a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and other symbols
- la nina
- occurs when tradewinds in the Pacific are unusually strong and equatorial oceanic surface temperatures are colder than normal
- solenoid
- a single wire wrapped into a cylindrical wire coil
- biosphere
- everything organic, including plants, animals, and humans
- balanced chemical equation
- an equation that has the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation
- binary compound
- on that is composed of two elements
- nonrenewable resource
- resources that cannot be replaced by natural processes as quickly as they are used
- photovoltaic cell
- converts radiant energy from the Sun directly into electrical energy
- transformer
- a device that increases or decreases the voltage of an alternating current
- quark
- protons and neutrons, however, are made up of smaller particles
- geothermal energy
- the thermal energy that is contained in hot magma
- direct current
- flows only in one direction through a wire
- unsaturated solution
- any solution that can dissolve more solute at a given temperature
- radio wave
- low-frequency electromagnetic waves with wavelengths longer that about 1 mm
- microwave
- radio waves with wavelengths of less than 30 cm
- physical properties
- any characteristic of a material that you can observe without changing the identity of the substances that make up the material
- chemical reaction
- a change in which on or more substances are converted into new substances
- periodic table
- a table where all elements are arranged by increaing atomic number and by changes in physical and chemical properties
- GPS
- a system of satellites, ground monitoring stations, and receivers that determine a person's or object's exact location at or above Earth's surface
- generator
- uses electromagnetic inductin to transform mechanical energy into electrical energy
- polyatomic ion
- a positively or negatively charged, covalently bonded group of atoms
- activation energy
- minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction
- electron dot diagram
- uses symbols of the elements and dots to represent teh electroms in the outer energy level
- element
- a substance have the same identity
- gamma ray
- electromagnetic waves with wavelengths shorter than about 10 trillionth of a meter
- nonpolar molecule
- one in which electrons are shared equally in bonds
- concentration
- describes how much solute is present in a solution compared to the amount of solvent
- ion
- a charged particle because it now has either more or fewer electrons than protons
- isotopes
- atoms of the same element of neutron sent that have different numbers
- troposphere
- Earth's atmosphere extends more than 1,000 km above Earth's surface
- ionic bond
- the force of attraction between the opposite charges of the ions in an ionic compound
- solute
- sugar which is the substance being dissolved
- group
- families
- substance
- a type mixture in which different materials can be distinguished easilye of matter with a fixed composition
- visible light
- electromagnetic waves that humans can detect with their eyes
- chemical property
- a charcteristic of a substance that indicates whether it can undergo a certain chemical change
- exothermic reaction
- when the energy given off in a reaction is primarily in the form of heat
- single- displacement reaction
- when one element replaces another element in a compound
- jet stream
- control many weather processes, such as storms
- solubility
- the maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature
- product
- the new substances produced
- acid
- a substance that produces hydrogen ions in a water solution
- indicator
- an orgaic compound that changes color in acids and bases
- weak base
- on that does not dissociate completely
- endothermic reaction
- when the energy needed is in the form of heat
- suspension
- heterogeneous mixture containing a liquid in which visible particles settle
- alternating current
- reverses the direction fo teh current in a regular pattern
- double- displacement reaction
- the positive ion of one compound replaces the positive ion of the other to form two new compounds
- magnetism
- the properties and interaactions of magnets
- transceiver
- transmits one radio signal and receives another radio signal from a base unit
- ultraviolet wave
- electromagnetic waves with wavelengths from about 400 billionths tho 10 billionths of a meter
- photon
- an electromagnetic wave can behave as a particle
- oxidation number
- the charge on the ion
- magnetic pole
- where the magnetic force exerted by the magnet is strongest
- global warming
- an increase in the average global temperature of Earth
- nuclear reactor
- uses the energy from controlled nuclear reactions to generate electricity
- law of conservation of mass
- the mass of all substances that are present before a chemical change equals the mass of all the substances taht remain after the change
- electromagnetic wave
- made by vibrating electric charges and can travel through space where matter is not present
- compound
- a pure substance in which the atoms of two or more elements are combined in a fixed proportion
- electron
- particles with an electrical charge of 1-
- saturated solution
- a solution that contains all the solute it can hold at a given temperature
- biomass
- renewable organic matter, such as wood, sugarcane fibers, rice hulls, and animal manure
- mass number
- the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom
- pH
- a measure of the concentration of H+ ions in it
- fossil fuel
- oil, natural gas, coal
- temperature inversion
- temperature increases with height
- supersaturated solution
- one that contains more solute that a saturated solution at the same temperature
- average atomic mass
- the weighted-average mass of the mixture of its isotopes
- molecule
- a neutral particle that forms as a result of electron sharing
- lee rain shadow
- forms on the opposite side of like a mountain range
- weak acid
- only a small fraction of the acid molecules dissociates into ions
- renewable resource
- an energy source that is replaced nearly as quickly as it is used
- periods
- horizontal rows
- electromagnetic induction
- the generation of a current by a changing magnetic field
- polar molecule
- one that has a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end, although the overall molecule is neutral
- aqueous solution
- a solution in which water is the solvent
- magnetic domain
- groups of atoms with aligned magnetic poles
- nuclear waste
- any radioactive by product that results when radioactive materials are used
- atomic number
- the number of protons in an atom is equal to a number
- distillation
- the process used for separating substances in a mixture by evaporating a liquid and recondensing its vapor
- inhibitors
- substances that are used to slow down a chemical reaction
- hydroelectricity
- electricity produced from the energy of moving water
- magnetic field
- a force on other magnets and objects made of magnetic materials
- cathode-ray tube
- a sealed vacuum tube in which one or more beams of electrons are produced
- strong acid
- almost 100 percent of the acid molecules dissociate into ions
- colloid
- a type of mixture with particles that are larger than those in solutions but not heavy enough to settle out
- maritime climate
- a climate with strong ocean influence
- infrared wave
- a type of electromagnetic wave with wavelengths between about one millimeter and 750 billionths of a meter
- heterogeneous mixture
- a mixture in which different materials can be distinguished easily
- electron cloud
- the area around the nucleus of an atom where its electrons are most likely found
- latent heat
- heat energy released or absorbed during the phase changes of water, such as evapotrating water or melting snow
- continental climate
- areas with little direct ocean influence
- nucleus
- positively charged center of the atom
- weather front
- air masses interact with zones
- chemical bond
- the force that holds atoms together in a compound
- sea breeze
- blow from the water toward the land in the afternoon
- electric motor
- a device that changes electrical energy into mechanical energy
- covalent bond
- the attraction that forms between atoms when they share electrons
- reactant
- the substances that react
- X ray
- wavelengths between about 10 billionths of a meter and 10 trillionths of a meter
- radiant engery
- energy transferred by an electromagnetic wave
- el nino
- a climatic event that involves the atmosphere and oceans
- petroleum
- a highly flammable liquid formed by decayed ancient organisms