Final Terms
Terms
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- Political party
- a group of persons who seek to control government through the winning of elections and the holding of public office
- constituent power
- the non-legislative power of constitution-making and the constitutional amendment process
- prorogue
- adjourn, as in a legislative session
- Limited Government
- basic principle of American Gov't which states that gov't is restricted in what it may do, and each individual has rights that gov't cannot take away
- supreme court
- highest court; the only court specifically created by constitution; chief justice + 8 asso justices; final authority in any case
- civil rights act of 1960
- provided for the appointment of federal voting referees; these officers were to serve anywhere a federal court found voter disc; were given the power to help qualified persons to register and vote in federal elecions.
- Liberal Constructionist
- one who argues a broad interpretation of the provisions of the Constitution; particularly those granting powers to the Federal Gov't
- proportional plan
- proposal by which each presidential candidate would receive the same share of a state's popular vote
- 2nd Amendment
- right to keep, bear arms
- commerce power
- the power of congress to regulate interstate and foreign trade
- chief executive
- term for the President as vested w the executive power of the US
- closed primary
- a party nominating election in which only declared party members can vote
- 14th Amendment
- citizenship; privleges and immunites; due process, equal protection
- patent
- a license issued to an inventor to use or sell his invention for a limited period of time
- electoral college
- group of persons chosen in each state and the d.c. every four years who make a formal selection of the president and vice president
- straight ticket voting
- the practice of voting for candidates of only one party in an election
- Orr v. Orr
- court case that used the strict scrutiny test an alimony case concerning an Alabama law that made women but not men eligible for alimony
- Marbury v. Madison
- court case that established judicial review as a power of the Supreme Court
- federalism
- a system of govt in which a written cons divides power b/w a central or national, govt and several regional govts
- public caucus
- as a nominating device, a group of like-minded people who met to select the candidates they will support in an upcoming election
- line agencies
- an agency which performs the tasks for which the organization exists
- free exercise clause
- the sec part of con guarantee of religious freedom, which guarantees to each person the right to believe whatever he or she chooses to believe in the matter of religion
- procedural due process
- the government must employ fair procedures and methodes
- civil rights act of 1957
- set up the us civil rights commission; to inquire into claims of voter disc, reports its findings to Congress and the President through the media, to the public; also gave the attorney the power to seek federal court orders
- deficit financing
- practice of funding govt by borrowing to make up the difference between gov't spending and revenue
- writ of certiorari
- an order by higher court directing a lower court to send up the record in a given case for review
- department of treasury
- Principle functions: produces coins and bills, collect taxes, borrows money and manages public debt, enforces alcohol, tabacco and firearms laws. Important Agencies: IRS, bureau of public debt office of the comptroller of the curency, us mint bureau of engracing and printing
- Commerce Clause
- to lay and collect taxes, to borrow money, to regulate interstate and foreign trade, to coin money and regulate the value of thereof, to estabilish laws on the subject of Bankruptcies
- department of education
- Principle Functions: administers federal aid to schools and conducts educational research. Important Agencies: office of elementary and secondary education and office of post secondary education.
- civil rights act of 1964
- provide that no person may be denided in various public accommodations, prohibit disc, require the cut-off of federal funding; forbid employers and labor unions to disc
- equal protection test
- rational basis test and the strict scrutiny test
- sedition
- crime of attempting to overthrow the government by force, or to disrupt its lawful activities by violent acts
- bicameralism
- adjective describing a legistlative body composed of 2 chapters
- separation of Powers
- basic principle of American system of government, that executive, legislative, and judicial powers are divided among three independent and coequal branches of government
- quotas
- rules requiring certain numbers of jobs or promotions for members of certain groups
- 6th Amendment
- criminal proceedings
- successor
- a person who inherits a title or office
- congressional power
- expressed powers, implied powers, inherent powers
- substantive due process
- the govt must create fair polices and laws
- Rational Basic Test
- asks: Does the classification in question bear a reasonable relationship to the achievement of some proper governmental purpose
- Balance the Ticket
- presidential candidate chooses a running mate who can streghten his chance of being elected by virtue of certain characteristics
- court of international trade
- nine judges; hears civil cases arising out of tariff and other trade-related laws
- 17th Amendment
- peopular election of senators
- electorate
- all of the ppl entitled to vote in a given election
- uc vs bakke
- bakke had been denied admission to uc medical school at davis because of reverse disc ; court held bakke had been denied equal protection and should be admitted
- 13th Amendment
- slavery and involuntary servitude prohitbited
- Hoyt v. Florida
- court case that found no constitutional fault with a law that required men to serve on juries, but gave women the choice of serving of not
- 25th Amendment
- presidential succession; vice presidential vacancy, presidential inability
- due process
- the government must act fairly and in accord with established rules in all that it does
- strict constructionist
- one who argues a narrow interpretation of the constitution's provisions, in particular those granting powers to the federal govt
- executive agreement
- a pact made by the president directly w/ the head of a foreign state; a binding international agreement w/ the force of law bu which does not require senate consent
- district court
- federal trial courts created by congress in the Judiciary Act of 1789, they handle more than 300,000 cases per year which is about 80 % of federal case load
- court of appeals
- gatekeepers to relieve the supreme court of much of the burden of hearing appeals from the discrict courts
- term
- two-year period of time during which congress meets
- checks and balances
- system of overlapping the powers of legislative, executive, judicial branches to permit each branch to check the actions of the others
- poll tax
- a special tax, demanded by States, as a condition of voting
- electoral system
- promote the existence of two major parties
- 5th Amendment
- criminal proceedings ; due process, eminent domain
- direct popluar election
- proposal to do away with the elctoral college and allow people to vote directly for president and vice president
- popular sovereignty
- basic principle of the American system of government which asserts that the people are the source of any and all government power and government can exist only with the consent of the governed
- Brown v. Board of Education
- racial desegregation in schools
- articles of confederation
- plan of governemnt adopted by the continental congress after the American Revolution; established "a firm league of friendship" among the states
- population
- the people that live in an area and abide by its laws
- Bipartisan
- supported by 2 parties
- McCulloch v. Maryland
- court case aka "Bank of the US" case; a Maryland law required federally chartered banks to use only a special paper to print paper money for taxes
- Rule of Law
- concept that hold that gov't and its officials are always subject to law
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- (14th Amendment, Equal Protection Clause) Plessy argued that his right to "equal protection of the laws" was violated because seating on railroads in Louisiana were segregated. Court held that segregation was permitted bc Negroes were getting equal seating even though it was worse quality. The case was later overturned
- article
- numbered sections of a document; umamended constitution is divided into seven articles
- federalism
- a system of government in which a written constitution divides power between a central or national government and several regional governments
- voting rights act of 1965
- directed the attorney general to challenge the constitutionality of the remaining state poll-tax laws in federal courts; suspened the used of any literacy test ; authraze the attorney general to appoint voting examiners; federal officers the power to register voters
- executive office
- an org of several agencies staffed by the president's closest advisors
- impeach
- to bring formal charges against a public official; the House of Reps has the sole power to impeach civil officers of US
- amendment
- a change in, or addition to, a constitution or law
- Bill of Rights
- 1st ten amendements to the Constitution
- territory
- land w known and recognized boundraried; varied for population
- subpoena
- an order for a person to appear and to produce documents or other requested materials
- united states tax courts
- ind and not part of federal court; 19judges; hears civil but not criminal cases involving tax laws; most generated by the internal revenue service and other treasury department agencies
- distritct plan
- proposal for choosing presidential electors by which two electors would be selected in each state according to the state wide popular vote and other electors would be selected seperatly in each of the states congressional districts
- incumbent
- the current officeholder
- department of justice
- Principle Functions: prosecutors, those accused of violating federal law, provides legal advice to president, represents U.S. in court enforces federal laws, operates prisons. Important Agencies: federal bureau of investigation. drug enforcement admin. U.S. marshals service. bureau of alcohol tobacco firearms and explosives, criminal division, civil rights division, bureau of prisons.
- staff agencies
- an agency which supports chief executive and other administrators by offering advice and other assistance in the management of org
- split ticket voting
- voting for candidates of dif parties for dif offices at the same election
- Necessary and Proper Clause
- Constitutional clause that gives Congress the power to make all laws "necessary and proper" for executing its powers
- Judicial Review
- the power of a court to determine the constitutionality of a governmental action
- court of appeals for the federal circuit
- established the new court to centralize, and so speed up, the handling of appeals in certain kinds of civil cases; nationwide jurisdiction; 12judges
- winner take all
- a presidential aspirant who won the preference vote in a primary automatically won all the delegates chosen in the primary
- indirect tax
- a tax levied on one party but passed on to another for payment
- National Bonus Plan
- proposal for electing a President by which the winner of the popular vote would receive a bonus of 102 electoral votes
- suffrage
- the right to vote
- session
- period of time in which each year congress assembles and conducts business
- chief administrator
- term for President as head of the administration of the Federal Government
- special session
- an extraordinary session of a legislative body, called to deal with an emergency situation
- Order of Succession
- order of succeeding the President if he dies
- copyright
- the exclusive, legal right of a person to reproduce, publish, and sell his or her own literary, musical, or artistic creations
- veto
- chief exec's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature