APHG unit 4 and 5
Terms
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- Semi periphery
- Those newly industrialized countries with median standards of living, such as Chile, Brazil, India, China, and Indonesia. Semi-peripheral countries offer their citizens relatively diverse economic opportunities but also have extreme gaps between rich and poor.
- Organic Theory
- The view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include all stages of life.
- Productivity
- A measure of the goods and services produced within a particular country.
- Quinary economic activities
- The most advanced form of quaternary activities consisting of high-level decision making for large corporations or highlevel scientific research.
- Secondary sector
- The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.
- Heartland theory
- Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.
- East/West Divide
- Geographic separation between the largely democratic and free-market countries of Western Europe and the Americas from the communists and socialists countries of Eastern Europe and Asia
- Reapportionment
- The relocation of electoral seats to defined territories.
- Nation-state
- A country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity.
- Frontier
- An area where borders are shifting and weak and where peoples of different cultures or nationalities meet and lay claim to the land.
- Sustainable development
- The idea that people living today should be able to meet their needs without prohibiting the ability of future generations to do the same.
- E commerce
- Web-based economic activities.
- Colony
- A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent.
- Landlocked state
- A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.
- Slow world
- The developing world that does not experience the benefits of high-speed telecommunications and transportation technology
- Imperialism
- Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society.
- Electoral Vote
- The decision of a particular state elector that represents the dominant views on that elector's state.
- Transnational corporation
- A firm that conducts business in at least two separate countries; also known as multinational corporations.
- Boundary
- Invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory.
- Gross National Product
- The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.
- Development
- The process of economic growth, expansion, or realization of regional resource potential.
- Perforated state
- A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state.
- Centripetal forces
- Forces that bond a country together.
- Value added
- The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.
- Fragmented state
- A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.
- Core periphery model
- A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region.
- Compact state
- A state that posses a roughly circular shape from which the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions.
- State
- A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by the international community.
- Exclave
- A bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state.
- Rimland theory
- Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.
- Deglomeration
- The dispersal of an industry that formerly existed in an established agglomeration.
- Globalization
- The idea that the world is becoming increasingly interconnected on a global scale such that smaller scales of political and economic life are becoming obsolete.
- Elongated State
- A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape.
- Core
- National or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated.
- State
- An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.
- Spatially variable costs
- An input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its total amount and in its relative share of total costs.
- Perforated state
- A state that completely surrounds another one.
- Microstate
- A state or territory that is small in both size and population.
- More developed country (MDC)
- Also known as a relatively developed country or a developed country, a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.
- Electoral College
- a certain number of electors from each state proportional to and seemingly representative of that state's population. Each elector chooses a candidate believing they are representing their constituency's choice. The candidate who receives a higher proportion of electoral votes within a state receives all the electoral votes for that state.
- Antecedent boundaries
- A boundary line established before an area is populated
- Prorupted state
- A state that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension, leading away from the main territory.
- Foreign investment
- Overseas business investments made by private companies.
- Human Development Index (HDI)
- Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.
- Sovereignty
- Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
- NAFTA
- north American free trade agreement- Agreement signed on JAN. 1 1994, that allows the opening of borders between the United States Mexico and Canada.
- Service based economies
- Highly developed economies that focus on research and development, marketing, tourism, sales, and telecommunications.
- Elongated state
- A state with a long, narrow shape.
- Imperialism
- The perpetuation of a colonial empire even after it is no longer politically sovereign.
- Gender equity
- A measure of the opportunities given to woman compared to men within a given country.
- Subsequent boundaries
- Boundary line established after an area has been populated that considered the social and cultural characteristics of the area.
- Manufacturing region
- A region in which manufacturing activities have clustered together. The major U.S. industrial region has historically been in the Great Lakes, which includes the states of Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania. Industrial regions also exist in southeastern Brazil, central England, around Tokyo, Japan, and elsewhere.
- Regionalization
- The process by which specific regions acquire characteristics that differentiate them from others within the same country. In economic geography, regionalization involves the development of dominant economic activities in particular regions.
- Confederation
- A form of an international organization that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose.
- Secondary economic activities
- Economic activities concerned with the processing of raw materials such as manufacturing, construction, and power generation.
- Commonwealth of independent states
- Confederacy of independent states of independent states of the former soviet Union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs.
- Colonialism
- Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
- Industrialization
- Process of industrial development in which countries evolve economically, from producing basic, primary goods to using modern factories for mass-producing goods. At the highest levels of development, national economies are geared mainly toward the delivery of services and exchange of information.
- Centrifugal forces
- forces that tend to divide a country.
- OPEC
- Organization of petroleum exporting countries- An internal economic organization whose member countries produce and export oil.
- Fragmented State
- A state that is not contiguous whole but rather separated parts.
- States' rights
- Rights and powers believed to be the authority of the state rather than the federal government.
- Balance of power
- Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.
- North/South divide
- The economic division between the wealthy countries of Europe and North America, Australia and Japan and generally poorer countries of Asia Africa and Latin America.
- Lebensraum
- Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire living space for German people.
- Primary economic activities
- Economic activities in which natural resources are made available for use or further processing, including mining, agriculture, forestry, and fishing.
- Nationalism
- A sense of national pride to such extent as to exalt one nation above all others.
- Rostow's stages of development
- A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries.
- World cities
- A group of cities that form an interconnected, internationally dominant system of global control of finance and commerce.
- Supranational organization
- organization of 3 or more states to promote shared activities.
- Specialty goods
- Goods that are not mass-produced but rather assembled individually or in small quantities.
- Purchasing Power Parity
- A monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries.
- Gross domestic product (GDP)
- The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year).
- Net National Product
- A measure of all goods and services produced by a country in a year, including production from its investments abroad, minus the loss or degradation of natural resource capital as a result of productivity.
- Compact state
- A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.
- European Union
- International organization comprised of Western European countries to promote free trade among members.
- Gross Domestic Product
- The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year.
- Redistricting
- The drawing of a new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes.
- Gender Empowerment measure (GEM)
- compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
- Federalism
- a system of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government.
- Development
- A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
- Rust Belt
- The manufacturing region in the United States that is currently debilitated because many manufacturing firms have relocated to countries offering cheaper labor and relaxed environmental regulations.
- Industrialized countries
- Those countries including Britain, France, the United States, Russia, Germany, and Japan, that were all at the forefront of industrial production and innovation through the middle of the 20th century. While industry is currently shifting to other countries to take advantage of cheaper labor and more relaxed environmental standards, these countries still account for a large portion of the world's total industrial output.
- Maquiladoras
- Those U.S. firms that have factories just outside the United States/Mexican border in areas that have been specially designated by the Mexican government. In such areas, factories cheaply assemble goods for export back into the United States.
- Quaternary economic activities
- Economic activities concerned with research, information gathering, and administration.
- Periphery
- Countries that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living. The world economic periphery includes Africa (except for South Africa), parts of South America, and Asia.
- Rectangular State
- A state whose territory is rectangular in shape.
- Superimposed boundaries
- Boundary line drawn in an area ignoring the existing cultural pattern.
- Political geography
- The spatial analysis of political phenomena and processes.
- Primary sector
- The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.
- Law of the sea
- Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources.
- Spatially fixed costs
- An input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located.
- Self-determination
- The right of a nation to govern itself autonomously.
- Structural adjustment program
- Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services.
- Frontier
- zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.
- Federal state
- An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.
- Prorupted state
- An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension.
- Landlocked state
- A state that is completely surrounded by the land of other states, which is bad for accessibility and trade.
- Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
- compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes.
- Geopolitics
- The study of interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur.
- Physical boundary
- Political Boundaries that correspond with physical features such as mountains or rivers.
- Theocracy
- A state whose government is either believed to be divinely guided or a state under the control of religious leaders.
- Least cost theory
- A concept developed by Alfred Weber to describe the optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to the costs of transport and labor, and the relative advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration.
- Geometric Boundary
- Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.
- Footloose firms
- Manufacturing activities in which cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for determining the location of the firm.
- International Organization
- An alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or self determination.
- Territorial organization
- Political organization that distributes political power in more easily governed units of land.
- Nation
- Tightly knit group of people sharing the same language ethnicity religion and other cultural attributes.
- Tertiary economic activities
- Activities that provide the market exchange of goods and that bring together consumers and providers of services such as retail, transportation, government, personal, and professional services.
- Least developed countries
- Those countries including countries in Africa, except for South Africa, and parts of South America and Asia, that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living.
- Fordism
- System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford.
- Less developed country (LDC)
- Also known as a developing country, a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development.
- Popular vote
- The tally of each individuals vote within a specific geographic area.
- Gerrymandering
- The designation of voting districts so as to favor a political party or candidate.
- Domino Theory
- The idea that political destabilization in one country can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring countries, setting off a chain reaction of collapse.
- Industrial Revolution
- The rapid economic and social changes in manufacturing that resulted after the introduction of the factory system to the textile industry in England at the end of the 18th century.
- Economic backwaters
- Regions that fail to gain from national economIC development.
- Fast world
- Areas of the world, usually the economic core, that experience greater levels of connection due to high-speed telecommunications and transportation technologies.
- Export processing zone
- Areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries.
- NATO
- North Atlantic treaty organization- An international organization that has joined together for military purposes.
- Human Development Index Measure
- used by the United Nations that calculates development not in terms of money or productivity but in terms of human welfare. The HDI evaluates human welfare based on three parameters: life expectancy, education, and income.
- Microstate
- A state that encompasses a very small land area. Migration Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.
- Unitary state
- An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials.
- Gerrymandering
- Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
- Deindustrialization
- Loss of industrial activity in a region.
- United Nations
- A global supranational organization established at the end of WWII to foster international security and cooperation.
- Literacy rate
- The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.
- World systems theory
- Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that explains the emergence of a core, periphery, and semi-periphery in terms of economic and political connections first established at the beginning of exploration in the late 15th century and maintained through increased economic access up until the present.
- Offshore financial center
- Areas that have been specially designed to promote business transactions, and thus have become centers for banking and finance.
- Territorial dispute
- Any dispute over land ownership
- Productivity
- The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.