social studuies the rise of industry and the labor movement
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- He laid an underwater cable allowing businesses in the United States to do business and communicate more easily with businesses in Britain and Europe.
- Cyrus Field
- This man, known as the "wizard of MEnlo Park," invented the phonograph, a practical lightbulb, the electric power plant, moving pictures and many other things. the invention of power plants supplied electricity that lit up homes, powered city street cars, and enabled factories to replace steam engines with safer electric engines.
- THomas Edison
- at one point he was the richest man in the world. his monopoly of the steel industry led him to have more wealth by 1900 than any other man. he gave away most of his money (90%) before his death.
- Andrew Carnegie and the rise of the steel industry
- His automation of the assembly line led to the availability of affordable automobiles. he did this in 1913. his model-t was the most popular car of the learly 1920s
- Henry Ford
- their 1903 invention was first used successfully by the military. nowadays it has commercial and military significance.
- The Wright Brothers
- breathing in fibers and dust all day caused lung diseases. workers risked burns from molten metals. children would stick their arms into various moving machinery, risking fingers and even arms. workers were sometimes locked into their rooms.
- Hazards of sweatshops /factories
- this applies the iddea of "survival of the fittest" to human affairs.
- Social Darwinism
- a license or document giving someone the sole right to make and sell an invention.
- Patents
- Unions today get a great deal of their power from this ability for one to negotiate on behalf of the group.
- Collective bargaining
- Low wages, unsafe conditions, and worker exploitation caused workers to join together to form these.
- unions
- He formed the American FEderation of Labor, a union made of other unions, for skilled workers. he formed this union in 1886.
- Samuel Gompers
- Henry Ford did pay his workers more, but many workers found their wages decreasing as their skilled labor was replaced by these.
- machines (DUH!!!!)
- this occured in early may of 1886. on may 3rd, workers that were triking at McCormick's factory clashed with police and strikebreakers, leaving two workers dead. on may 4th, at a rally held that evening, a bomb was thrown into the crowd, killing one officer instantly and leading to the death of seven others.
- Haymarket Massacre /haymarket riot (1886)
- he revolutionized the shoe industry with a machine that sewed the tops to the soles of shoes, making cheaper, stronger shoes.
- Jon Matzeliger
- unions push up wages and provide safer conditions for workers. but they sometimes cut profits for companies and some confrontations may turn violent
- These are two reasons for and two reasons against unions today.
- he was one of the organizers of the protest at Haymarket on May 4, 1886. when a bomb was thrown into the crowd and killed seven police officers, he was tried, convicted, and hanged for murder.
- August Spies
- this economic system is also known as free enterprise. in it, indiciduals are the owners of property and prices and wages are determined by market forces like supply and demand.
- capitalism
- His invention of an air brake led to faster and safer train travel.
- George Westinghouse
- this occured on march 25, 1911, a saturday. in the course of one half-hour, 146 young men and women list their lives. because of this, NEw York and other states approved safety laws to help protect factory workers and people began to feel that unions really were necessary.
- Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911)
- Frederick Taylor's ideas of scientific management came into play with this process, which put workers into a line with specialized roles and made production faster and allowed less skilled and cheaper labor. when Henry Ford introduced this to his company, it sliced production time in half. the lower costs allowed Ford to charge less, therefore, more people could afford it, and more people owned it by 1917
- The assembly line
- this is when railroads give secret discounts to their bigger customers
- rebates
- in 1894 a strike at this location was ordered to halt and told that their striking violated the sherman antitrust act of 1890. this led to people like Gompers being very upset with the judge. ther Sherman Antitrust Act was created to stop monopolies from limiting competition. instead it was used against labor unions, saying that they limited competition, and forcing workers to avoid unions. (metting in secret, etc)
- Sherman Anti-trust and the pullman strikes (1894)
- this was formed in 1886. it was a union made up of other unions, formed solely for skilled laborers.
- american Federation of Labor
- This is a company owned by investors. the company has the legal status of a person, can issue stocks to share ownership, can issue dividends to share profits.
- Corporation - capital, stocks, and dividents
- this is when a group of companies in the same region get together and set their prices at the same high level, forcing customers to pay more for their fares.
- pooling
- Thi union was made up of men and women that created garments for ladies. they made gains like a shorter day and higher wages, but possibly their greatest gains came after the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, when safety precautions became part of state laws and membership increased by the 10s of thousands. (this is not worth memorizing, just being aware of.) these ladies helped gain things like shorter working days and slightly higher wages by the late 1800s, early 1900s.
- International Ladies' Garment workers union and women workers
- this occurs when one company controls all or most of an industry. the benefits of this, according to people like Rockefeller, are that it makes companies more efficient. the drawbacks are the prices can go very high and competitors cannot enter the industry.
- Monopolies - limiting competition, rebats, and pools
- immigrants faced dangers on their trip over, many were cramped into steerage compartment where diseases could spread rapidly. immigrants faced rigorous tests or even deportation at their receiving stations (Ellis and Angel Island). they had to learn english. they faced discriminatory laws like the Chinese exclusion Act of 1882 and the National ORigins act of 1924.
- Challenges of immigration
- this economic system involvese government ownership of industry and property. prices and wages are determined by the government and often by the value of services.
- socialism
- one of their leaders was terrence Powderly. they worked for a shorter work day, better conditions, an end to child labor and equal pay for men and women.
- Knights of Labor
- These places offered the urban poor (new immigrants, southern African Americans who moved to the northern cities, and displaced farmers) a place to learn English, take music classes, play sports, and even helped get new urbanites settled in their tenement flats.
- settlement homes
- he was one of the leaders of the knights of labor.
- Terence Powderly
- This is the rapid growth of city populations which led to as many as 2,000 people living on a single block
- urbanization
- in 1882-Chinese Exclusion Act restricts Chinese immigration, allowing only chinese whose parents are already in the united states to immigrate. in 1907- Gentlemen's agreement between the United States and Japan determines that japan will prevent its citizens from leaving for the United States in return for the desegregation (between Japan and whites) of public schools in San Francisco. in 1917-Literacy test mandates that ll immigrants 16 and over must be able to read in their native language. in 1921-Emergency Quota Act restricts the number of immigrants to 350,000. in 1924-National origins Act restricts the levels of immigrants based on their presence in the US based on the 1890 census (aimed at restricting immigration from eastern and southern europe)
- Immigration restrictions
- her name was really mary Harris. after the great Chicago fire, she turned her attention to supporting labor unions and protesting child labor. she was considered a hero to workers for her willingness to go to jail for their cause.
- Mother Jones
- in 1876 he created the first telephone, which made comminucation between people and businesses faster (because they no longer needed to use a telegraph and Morse Code) and furthered economic growth.
- Alexander Graham Bell
- the technical definition of this is a group of corporations controlled by a single board of directors. often it is used in place of monopoly, but its definition is different.
- Trusts - benefits and drawbacks
- this economic system involves property being owned by the community. in it, all members of the community share property and goods equally.
- communism
- His bank, together with the banking industry, fueled the growth of many industries by loaning them money, helping them issue bonds and working with them to issue stock.
- J. Pierpont Morgan and the rise of banking
- Like the automobile in the 1920s, growth in this time period was stimulated by this industry.
- railroads
- Because of this process, steel was made cheaply and efficiently. It was used in railroads as well as in the skyscrapers dotting urban skylines
- the bessemer process
- as more lines were built, railroads sought ways to limit competition and keep prices high. some big lines consolidated, or combined. they bought up or forced smaller lines out of business.
- Consolidation
- many apartments had no windows, heat, or indoor plumbing. streets were littered with garbage. outbreaks of cholera and other diseases were common.
- Hazards of tenement life
- His company, Standard Oil, controlled the oikl industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. he belieced that competition was wasteful and inefficient. he bought up, using techniques that were ruthless, dozens of smaller oil companies.
- John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil
- his creation of a portable camera, known as the Kodak camera, made photography accessible to middle and upper-class americans and created a much broader historic record as well as a new hobby for people.
- George Eastman