Ch 23 IDS

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liberty bonds: one of the two devices the government used to raise money, launching a major drive to solicit loans form the American people by selling bonds the public.
bolshevik revolution/ lenin: After years of oppression, the peasants rebelled against the czars. The first government was democratic and weak, so another revolution overthrew that government and instituted a Communist government lead by the Bolshevik party under Lenin. Lenin pulled Russia out of WWI (The Germans may have aided his rise to power so they would not have to fight on two fronts).
sabotage act of 1918: most repressive of the acts, expanded the meaning of the Espionage Act to make illegal any public expression to opposition to the war, prosecute anyone who criticizes president or government.
eugene debs: Socialist, Eugene V. Debs, was accused of espionage and sent to a federal penitentiary for ten years. All this came about because of a speech that he made in Columbus, Ohio at an anti- war rally. Despite his imprisonment he ran for presidency in 1920. Although he didn't win, he had many votes; infact he had the most that any candidate of the Socialist party had ever had.
peace without victory: Wilson said that the U.S. was committed to using war as a vehicle to construct a new world order, with Progressive ideals. Before a joint session of Congress in 1917, he presented a plan for the U.S. for maintaining peace through a permanent league of nations, after the war.
council of national defense: Established in August 24, 1916 by President Woodrow Wilson, the Council of National Defense was created because "The Country is best prepared for war when thoroughly prepared for peace." With the end of World War I and the end of military conflict, the activities of the Council of National Defense were suspended.
united negro improverment assoc.: an international self-help organization founded by Marcus Garvey. It was originally chartered under the name "Universal Negro Improvement and Conservation Association and African Communities League" (the word "Conservation" later removed) in Jamaica on August 1, 1914. The UNIA is a "social, friendly, humanitarian, charitable, educational, institutional, constructive and expansive society, and is founded by persons desiring to the utmost to work for the general uplift of the people of African ancestry of the world. And the members pledge themselves to do all in their power to conserve the rights of their noble race and to respect the rights of all mankind.
J. edgar hoover: ambitious assistant of Palmer, he helped orchestrate a series of raids on alleged radical centers throughout the country and arrested 6,000 people. (500, non- Americans were deported).
the sussex: Germany agreed not to sink unarmed passenger ships with out warning. They violated this in 1916 when they torpedoed this French passenger ship. Wilson threatened to break diplomatic relations because of this.
treaty of versailles: This treaty was created to solve problems made by World War I. Germany was forced to accept the treaty. It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson. The treaty punished Germany and did nothing to stop the threat of future wars. It maintained the pre-war power structure.US didnt sign it, made separate peace agreement
the triple alliance or central powers: Germany, Austria and Hungary formed an alliance for protection from the Triple Entente.
zimmerman telegram: Written by Arthur Zimmerman, a german foreign secretary. In this note he had secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance. He tempted Mexico with the ideas of recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The note was intercepted on March 1, 1917 by the U.S. government. This was a major factor that led us into WWI.
great migration: movement of approximately 7 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the North, Midwest and West from 1916 to 1970. Precise estimates of the number of migrants depend on the timeframe selected. African Americans migrated to escape widespread racism in the South, to seek employment opportunities in industrial cities, to get better education for their children, and to pursue what was widely perceived to be a better life in the North.
the triple entente or Allies: Composed of France, Britain, and Russia, and later Japan and Italy, the Allies fought the Central Powers in World War I. The United States joined the Allies in 1917, and after major economic and military blows, World War I ended with the Treaty of Versailles.
food administration/ herbert hoover: An administration created to feed wartime America and its allies. Herbert Hoover, a Quaker-humanitarian, was chosen as the leader, mostly because of his already existent title of "hero" that he acquired leading a massive charitable drive to feed the starving people of war-racked Belgium. This was the most successful of the wartime administrations.
chateau thierry: the AEF assisted the French in early June, in repelling a bitter German assault, near Paris, and later the AEF helped turn away another assault at Rheims, and helped almost put an end to the German advance.
war industries board/ bernard baruch: Baruch was a stock speculator appointed by Wilson to head the War Industries Board. The Board had only formal powers and was disbanded. He was later a United States delegate for the U.N. during the Cold War.
red summer: coined by author James Weldon Johnson, is used to describe the summer and autumn of 1919. Race riots erupted in several cities in both the North and South of the United States. The three most violent episodes happened in Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Elaine, Arkansas. These were part of a series of 20 or more race riots occurring in the U.S. where African Americans were the victims of physical attacks
national war labor board: composed of representatives from business and labor. It was chaired by former President William Howard Taft. Its purpose was to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers. Capitalizing on labor shortages during America's entrance into World War I, unions led by Samuel Gompers under the American Federation of Labor organized mass strikes for tangible gain. With more than 1200 cases heard the board ruled in favor of labor more often than not.
claude mckay: was a Jamaican writer and communist in his early life, after his trip to the Soviet Union he found that communism was too disciplined and confining for him. However McKay was never an actual member of the Communist Party. He was part of the Harlem Renaissance and wrote three novels.
14 pts: The Fourteen Points were introduced by Wilson in 1918. It was Wilson's peace plan. Each of the points were designed to prevent future wars. He compromised each point at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The only point which remained was the 14th (League of Nations). Each one was appealing to a specific group in the war and each one held a specific purpose.
espionage act of 1917: United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. The legislation was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread dissent in time of war, thinking that it constituted a real threat to an American victory.
league of nations: In 1919, after the war, Wilson proposed the League in the 14th point of his peace plan. He envisioned it as an Assembly with seats for all nations and a special council for the great powers. The US voted not to join the League because in doing so, it would have taken away our self-determination, and Congress could not decide whether to go to war or not.
sedition act of 1918: an amendment to the Espionage Act of 1917 passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who was concerned that dissent, in time of war, was a significant threat to morale. The passing of this act forbade Americans to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, flag, or armed forces during war. The act also allowed the Postmaster General to deny mail delivery to dissenters of government policy during wartime.
1919 chicago race riot: considered to be the worst of the approximately 25 riots during the Red Summer of 1919. It lasted for several days and ended only after nearly 6,000 National Guard troops were deployed to put an end to the violence on the night of July 30. Most of the rioting, murder, and arson was concentrated in the city's Black Belt, but violent conflict occurred in areas throughout the city, including the Chicago Loop. The riot left 38 people dead (23 African Americans and 15 Caucasians), 537 injured (342 African-Americans) and approximately 1000 homeless.led to dev. of NAACP
committee on public information/ george creel: headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.
the lusitania: British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The unrestricted submarine warfare caused the U.S. to enter World War I against the Germans.
big bill haywood: along with other members of the IWW were especially energetically prosecuted. Only by fleeting to the Soviet Union did Haywood avoid imprisonment.
marcus garvey: founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). Garvey was unique in advancing a Pan-African philosophy to inspire a global mass movement focusing on Africa known as Garveyism. The intention of the movement was for those of African ancestry to "redeem" Africa and for the European colonial powers to leave it. His essential ideas about Africa were stated in an editorial in the Negro World entitled "African Fundamentalism"
civilian advisor commision: set up local defense councils in every state and locality.
sacco and vanzetti: May of 1920, these two men were charged with the murder of a paymaster in Massachusetts. The case against them was weak and suffused with nativist prejudices and fears, but because both men were confessed anarchist, they faced a wide spread public presumption of guilt. They were convicted and sentenced for death, and on August 23, 1927, amid widespread protests around the world, Sacco and Vanzetti, still proclaiming their innocence, died in the electric chair.
john j pershing/ american expeditionary forces: an American general who led troops against "Pancho" Villa in 1916. He took on the Meuse-Argonne offensive in 1918 which was one of the longest lasting battles- 47 days in World War I. He was the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I. The AEF fought alongside allied forces against imperial German forces. The AEF helped the French defend the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive in May 1918, and fought its major action in the Meuse-Argonne offensive in the fall of 1918.
a. mitchell palmer: Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."
argonne forest: On September 26, an American force of over1 million soldiers advanced against the Germans in the Argonne Forest. By the end of October, the force had helped push the Germans back toward their own border and had cut the enemy's major supply lines to the front.
1919 strikewave: after the recession there was an increase in labor unrest, laborers and employers contributed to the major conflicts of 1919, but not as much as the unions, which after a shipyard walkout in Seattle, that caused the whole city to standstill, the middle class were developing an increasing hostility towards unions. The greatest strike was the steel strike in September, when 350,000 steelworkers in many Midwestern cities demanded 8 hr day and recognition of their union.
Henry cabot lodge: an outspoken senator from Massachusettes. He came from a distingushed lineage that dated back to the colonial times. He introduced the Literacy Test bill in 1896 to be taken by immigrants, but it was vetoed by Cleveland. The bill however was passed and enacted in 1917. Lodge also led a group of Republicans against the League of Nations. Lodge proposed amendments to the League Covenant but Wilson would not accept. We did not join the League.

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Number of cards 36