Chapter 6
Terms
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- black codes
- a series of laws in the post-Civil War South designed to restrict the rights of former slaves before the passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments
- minimum rationality test
- standard of review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a nonsuspect classification
- NAACP
- an interest group founded in 1910 to promote civil rights for African Americans
- poll taxes
- taxes levied as a qualification for voting
- sexual harassment
- unwelcome sexual speech or behavior that creates a hostile work environment
- de jure discrimination
- discrimination arising from or supported by the law
- suspect classifications
- classifications, such as race, for which any discriminatory law must be justified by a compelling state interest
- segregation
- the practice and policy of separating races
- racism
- institutionalized power inequalities in society based on the perception of racial differences
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- Supreme Court case that established the constitutionality of the principle "separate but equal"
- Equal Rights Amendment
- constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender
- grandfather clauses
- provisions exempting from voting restrictions the descendants of those able to vote in 1867
- literacy tests
- tests requiring reading or comprehension skills as a qualification for voting
- strict scrutiny
- a heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to assess the constitutionality of laws that limit some freedoms or that make a suspect classification
- busing
- achieving racial balance by transporting students to schools across neighborhood boundaries
- intermediate standard of review
- standard of review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a quasisuspect classification
- civil rights
- citizenship rights guaranteed to the people (primarily in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Amendments) and protected by government
- affirmative action
- a policy of creating opportunities for members of certain groups as a substantive remedy for past discrimination
- Brown v. Board of Education
- Supreme Court case that rejected the idea that separate could be equal in education; catalyst for civil rights movement
- de facto discrimination
- discrimination that is the result not of law but rather of tradition and habit
- Jim Crow laws
- Southern laws designed to circumvent the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments and to deny blacks rights on bases other than race
- Reconstruction
- the period following the Civil War during which the federal government took action to rebuild the South
- English-only movements
- efforts to make English the official language of the United States