CHAPTER 2
Terms
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- ALPHABETIC
- writing system uses the sounds of the language as a basic unit for writing, each symbol represents one unit of sound
- HOMONYMS
- are words that have the same sound and the same spelling but differ in meaning
- DENOTATION
- refers to the literal meaning of words and ideas
- SYNTACTIC CLUES
- sentence order
- PERSUASIVE WRITING
- is to convince the readers of something
- RUNNING RECORD
- is a way to assess students' word identification skills and fluency in oral reading
- DESCRIPTIVE WRITING
- is to provide information about a person, place or thing
- SKILLS-BASED
- emphasizes phonics instruction
- TOP-DOWN APPROACH
- it begins with whole stories, paragraphs, sentences, words and then proceeds to the smallest units of syllables, praphemes, and phonemes
- CONVERGENT
- indicates that only one answer is correct
- AUTHENTIC MULTICULTURAL
- is used to describe literature written by members of particular cultural groups that represent their own reality
- AUTHENTIC LITERATURE-BASED
- to instruction combines the best skill instruction and the whole language approach in order to teach both skills and meaning as well as to meet the reading needs of individual children
- HOMOPHONES
- are words that sound the same but they are spelled differently and have different meanings
- LEXICON
- refers to the vocabulary of a language
- FORMATIVE EVALUATION
- occurs during the process of learning when the teacher or the students monitor progress while it is still possible to modify instruction
- ANECDOTAL RECORDS
- capturing the process a group of students uses to solve a problem
- SKIMMING
- the read of major headings, table of contents, bold letters, graphic materials, and summary paragraphs to get the main idea of the content
- LISPING
- is a term used when children (or adults) produce the sound /s/, /sh/, /z/, and /ch/ with their tounge between the upper and lower teeth
- MISCUE ANALYSIS
- is a process that begins with a child reading a selection orally, and an eaminer noting variations of the oral reading from the printed text
- HISTORICAL FANTASY
- is fiction that is set in the past
- PICTURE BOOKS
- are books in which the illustrations and the text work together to communicate the story
- SCANNING
- children are guided to look for specific information in text
- STRUCTURAL CLUES
- is to pay attention to letter groups because there are many groups of letters that frequently occur within words, which are called morphemes
- MEANING BASED
- promotes reading comprehension and enrichment
- ALLITERATION
- is a literacy technique used to emphasize phonemes by using successive words that begin with the same consonant sound or letter (tongue twisters)
- HOMOGRAPHS
- are words that are spelled the same way but have more than one pronunciation and different meaning
- CONNOTATION
- refers to the implied meaning of words and ideas
- SEMANTICS
- describes the way that meaning is conveyed in a language
- INDEPENDENT LEVEL
- the student reads 95% of the words correctly
- WHOLE LANGUAGE APPROACH
- it suggests that to derive meaning from text, reades rely more on the structure and meaning of language than on the graphic information from the text
- PHONEMIC AWARENESS
- refers to the ability of a child to understand that words have smaller components called sounds, and these sounds together create syllables and words
- PHONATION
- disorder describes any kind of abnormaility in the vibration of the vocal fold
- GLOBAL APHASIA
- is also a brain based disorder that affects both the receptive and expressive features of language
- AUTOMATICITY
- is the quick and accurate recognition of letters, words, an dlanguage conventions
- PIVOT
- refers to words that can be used to accomplish multiple functions i.e. no, up, all
- PHONICS
- is a method of teaching beginners to read and pronounce words by teaching them the phonetic value of letters, letter groups, and syllables
- CURVILINEAR
- this allows speakers the option of deviating from the main topic without being penalized
- MODERN FANTASY
- is a genre that presents make-believe stories that are the product of the author's imagination
- DIVERGENT
- indicates that more than one anser is correct
- NONFICTION
- books have the real world as their point of origin
- ALPHABETIC PRINCIPLE
- the ability to connect the letters of the alphabet with the sounds that they produce
- FRUSTRATION LEVEL
- the student reads 89% or fewer words correctly
- SYNTAX
- describes the organization and word sequence in a complete sentence
- PHONOLOGY
- is the study of the sound system of a language
- GENRE
- is a particular type of literature that can be classified in multiple categories
- RECEPTIVE APHASIA
- results from a lesion to a region in the upper back part of the temporal lobe of the brain, it creates problems with listening comprehension and retrieval of words from memory
- OPEN
- contains words that are generally used to refer to one concept i.e. home, milk, water
- MULTICULTURAL LITERATURE
- is a term used to describe literature other than traditional European stories
- IMITATION
- is a learning strategy that young children frequently use until age two, but it decreases in effectiveness as language learning becomes more complex
- SYLLABIC
- writing that represents syllables with signs, and syllabic writing is more efficient than a pictographic writing system
- MORPHEMES
- are the smallest representation of meaning
- EXPOSITORY WRITING
- is to explain and clarify ideas
- CLOZE TEST
- a passage with omitted words the test taker must supply
- BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
- proceeds from the specific to the general, or from the parts to the whole, best is phonic instruction
- MORPHOLOGY
- is the study of the structure of words and word formation
- PRAGMATICS
- describes how context can affect the interpretation of communication
- PHONEMES
- the basic units of sound
- PICTOGRAPHIC
- writing systems designed to represent words or ideas with a visual image representing the concept
- INSTRUCTIONAL LEVEL
- the student reads 90% to 94% of the words correctly
- GRAPHEMES
- letters
- RESONANCE
- a disorder decribes abnormalities created when sound passes through the vocal tract
- SUMMATIVE EVALUTATION
- occurs at the end of a specific time or course of study
- WORD STRESS
- different ways a sentence can be understood
- EXPRESSIVE APHASIA
- refers from damage to the lower back part of the frontal love, this damage affects the speaking ability and causes specific problems with articulation and fluency
- SEMANTIC CLUES
- these require a child to think about he meanings of words, and what is already known about the topic being read
- NARRATIVE
- a story or an account