HUMAN LIFESPAN TEST 1
Terms
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- what is a theory?
- an orderly integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior.
- why are theories important?
- they guide and give meaning to what we see, and give us a basis for action based on what we see.
- what is context?
- unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances
- what is stability?
- the idea that an individual who has a strong set of characteristics in a certain area will maintain those characteristics throught their life.
- what does the term tabula rosa mean?
- "blank slate." according to this idea, children are, to begin with, nothing at all, and all kinds of experiences can shape their characters.
- whose idea was tabula rosa?
- John locke.
- What did Jean Jacques Rousseau believe?
- that we were noble savages, and were genetically endowed with a sense of right and wrong, and with the innate plan for orderly, healthy, growth. AND, he believed in maturation, which is a "genetically determined, naturally unfolding, course of growth."
- what are the names ofthe two German Philosophers?
- Tetens and Augusta
- who believed in natural selection?
- Charles Darwin
- what is the normative approach?
- measures ofbehavior are taken on large numbers of individuals
- what was Freud's psychosexual theory?
- that parents need to manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years, because it is crucial to healthy personality development
- what is the id
- the largest portion of the mind, that controls the basic biological needs and desires
- the ego
- the conscious, rational part of personality. emerges in infancy.
- Superego
- the conscience
- whose theory was the psychosocial theory?
- ERikson.
- What did freud think about his patients?
- he thought that they had psychological problems
- what is the problem with psychoanalytical theories?
- you can't test them. they are too general/vague...theories should be testable.
- Operant conditioning
- Skinner
- Albert Bandura
- Children's self-efficacy. Children imitate what they see, and based on rewards and punishments they are formed.
- What did piget believe about children?
- that they are "little scientists" and they are constantly trying to figure out their environment.
- what is a microsystem?
- people and objects in the immediate environment
- mesosystem
- what happens in one microsystem can influence others
- exosystem
- social settings that a person may not experience firsthand, but that will influences development
- macrosystem
- the broadest environmental context
- Ethnography
- studying culture or group through participant observation
- what is an independent variable?
- that thing that you manipulate or change between two case studies
- what is a dependant variable
- the variable that the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent system.
- Ethology
- the adaptive, or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history
- correlational design
- researchers gather information on already-existing groups of individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, and make no effort to alter their experiences. Then they look at relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior of devlopment.
- longitudinal
- studies done to a group of indiv. over a period of time, at different ages
- cross-sectional study
- study done to a group at a specific time, of all different ages.
- phenotype
- directly observable char.
- genotype
- the complex blend of genetic information that determines our species and influences all our unique char.
- gametes
- sperm or egg...
- how many chromos does a gamete have?
- 23...half as many as a regular body cell
- how are gametes formed?
- meiosis
- zygote
- when a sperm and egg unite at conception which contains 46 chromos
- what is the ratio of DNA to chromo
- one molecule of DNA inside ONE chromosome
- homozygous
- the alleles in the pair of chromosomes are the same
- heterozygous
- when the alleles in the pair of chromos differ...often one allele is dominant.
- genetic imprinting
- when a gene is chemically marked, or imprinted in such a way that one member of the pair is activated, regardless of its makeup
- Huntingtons disease
- a fatal disease characterized by progressive degeneration of the NS
- Down Syndrome
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-extra 21st chromo
-usually provided by the egg
- - passive correlation
- an environment created by the parents, based on heredity...that the child has NO CONTROL over...
- evocative correlation
- children evoke responses that are influenced by the child's heredity, and these responses strengthen thechild's original style....example, a happy baby is likely to receive more social stimulation than a grumpy baby...
- active correlation
- as children get older, and gain more freedom, they tend to pick environments and surround themselves with environments that fit their genetic dispositions. aka--> NICHE-PICKING
- nonshared environmental influences
- influences within a family that make kids different from one another.