Teaching Children to Read
Terms
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- Whole Language
- uses only trade-book literature where words are never broken down or removed from context
- Balanced Literacy Program
-
teaches reading and writing based on student needs and within the context of appropriately leveld reading materials (often uses basal readers, decodable text, and daily encounters with fiction and non-fiction
all all children become independent - Eclectic Approach
- teachers borrow elements from two or more approaches to create their own approach
- Bottom-Up
-
progressing from the parts of langauge (letters) to the whole word (meaning)
(letters, Words, Sentences, Paragraphs, Texts, Meaning) - Gestaltist or Top-Down Theory
- information and experiences the reader brings to print drive the reading process rather than the print on a page
- Emergent Literacy
- becoming literate begins at birth and is a continuous, developmental process
- Vygotsky
- an individual's cognitive capacity was determined by heridity
- Zone of Proximal Development
- What a child can do alone and in collaboration with others
- Linguistics
- study of langauge structure and how it is used by people to communicate
- Psycholinguistics
- study of how language is used and organized in the mind
- Sociolinguistics
- study of how langauge relates to human and societal behaviors
- Langauge Acquisition
- study of how infants learn and use langauge to meet their needs and express their ideas
- Schemata
- constructing meaning from print based on prior knowledge and experience with the content
- Syntactic Cueing
- proper use of syntax(how langauge is ordered) to know what comes next
- Pragmatics
- study of how language is used in society to satisfy the needs of human communication
- Prephonemic Stage
- children begin to use letters to represent their meaning
- Scope and Sequence Chart
- describes the range of skills to be taught in a basal program
- Decodable Text
- Uses highly controlled vocabulary to reinforce
- Balanced Reading Program
- Reading To Children, Reading With Children, and Reading By Children
- Reconciled Reading Lesson
- teaching reading skills before reading and relating them to the slection to be read
- Directed Reading Thinking Activity
- Sample the Text, Make Predictions, Sample the Text to Confirm or Correct Predictions
- Fragmentation
- curricular practice of listing, teaching, and measuring reading skills in isolation from other langauge skills
- Integration
- putting skills of langauge and components of the langauge together
- Decode
- understand meaning of words
- Encode
- to put words into print
- Assonance
- repitition of a vowel sound
- Graphophonic Cueing
- Shows How Printed Language Works (directionality, word vs letter, relationship between letters and sounds
- Environmental Print
- Print found in the environment ( boxex, signs, bumper stickers, candy wrappers)
- Phonological Awareness
- gerneral term for oral language units as words, syllables, and sounds
- Phonemic Awareness
- spoken words are made of individual sounds
- Ability Grouping
- Dividing children based on reading ability and achievement
-
Yopp-Singer Sementation Test
and Shefelbine Basic Phonic Skills Test -
a test used to show a student's ability to discriminate sounds and segment words into phonemes
Tests rhyming, blending, substitution, and deletion - Assesment Tool Categories
-
1. Student PRofile
2. Auditory Discrimination and Phoneme Awareness
3. Emerging Literacy assessment
4. Sight Word Assessment
5. Formal Reading Assessment - Types of Student Profile Tools
- Burke Interview, Concepts of Print Inventory, Home Survey, (most are qualitative rather than quantitative
- Types of Emerging Literacy Assesments
- environmetal print asessment, name literacy, bookhandling, Stages of Writing
- Types of Sight Word Assessments
- These tests are designed to indicate the number of words a student recognizes upon sight (Dolch Sight Word and Second Language Assessment)
- Independent Reading Level
- level a student can read a text on his own (95% Accuracy)
- Instructioal Reading Level
- level a student can read with the assistance of a teacher (85-95% accuracy)
- Frustration Reading Level
- a level students shouldn't read (below 85%)
- Ways to Determine Reading Level
-
1. Cloze Procedure
2. Basic Reading Inventory
3. Ekwall Shanker Reading Inventory - Components of a Reading Program
-
1. Reading - engagement of the written word
2. Oral Language - makes connection between oral and written
3. Writing - allow students to practice (air writing, sand writing, tracing)
4. Spelling - spelling correlates with ability to identify words - Letter-Sound Knowledge
- tests how letters are related to sounds
- Onset-Rime
- tests weather a student can identify which word as a different onset or rime
- Word-Blending Tests
- tests students ability to take separate sounds and blend them into words
- Word Blending
- combining separate phonemes into a word
- Test for Concept About Print
- Book Handling - ask front of book, open book, a page in the book,
- Left to right Progression
- when reading or writing moving from the left
- Return Sweep
- when the end of a line is reached begin of the next line
- One-to-One Correspondence
- word-tow-rod correspondence with written and oral language
- Word Boundaries
- collection of letters surrounded by spaces or puncuation
- Shared or guided Reading Characteristics
- models left to right progression, return sweep, one-to-one correspondence
- Systematic Explicit Phonics
- refers to a program in which letter-sound correspondences are taught from basic to complex
- Rosner Test
- determines how phonemically aware a student is
- Shelfbine Test
- assesses phonemic awareness and basic phonics concepts
- Wide Range Achievemnt Test
- assesses reading and spelling ability
- Woodcock Reading Mastery Test
- measures a student's abilty to decode words
- Running Record Assessment
- completing a detailed record of a child's errors and decoding strategies
- Clues to Help Decode Words
-
Semantic
Syntactic
Picture
Graphophonic
Syllable Division - Syntactic Cues
- word order clues ( My dog likes to (should understnad a verb fits in the sentence)
- Graphophonic Cues
- Sounding Out a words to identify phonemes within a word
- Consonat Cluster
- a sequence of consonants that appear together in a syllable without a vowel between them
- Semiphonetic Spelling
- aware of the alphabetic principle and will make an attempt to confirm spelling to that principle
- Transitional Spelling
- use morpholigal and visual information to spell a word instead of phonics alone
-
Reciprocal Teaching
by Palinesar and Brown - a comprehension strategy where students are responsible for predicting, clarifying, questioning, and summarizing
- Holistic Scoring
- assigns one score to the entire writing
- Analytic Scoring
- assigns several sub scores and teacher gives feedback
- Semantic Map
- a map that deomstrates multiple relationships between a concept and the knowledge associated with it(helps student identify existing knowledge)